From the ninth century to the twelfth century, Islamic culture flourished and crystallized into what we now recognize as Islam. Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan Al-Basri. One of the tricky things Even though Muslims recognize a global affiliation, the real heart of Muslim religious life remains outside politicsin local associations for worship, discussion, mutual aid, education, charity, and other communal activities. A sense of unity grew among many though not all provinces and gradually formed the consciousness of a broadly Arab-Islamic population. A depiction of a caravan traveling along the Silk Road around the fourteenth century. The caliphs furthermore began the ambitious project of building mosques across the empire, many of which remain today, such as the Umayyad Mosque, in Damascus. Discussion of Muslim conquest and conversion. [16] In contemporary usage, "Islamization" and its variants too can also be used with implied negative connotations to refer to the perceived imposition of an Islamist social and political system on a society with an indigenously different social and political background. - [Instructor] Other Direct link to Evan Indge's post Now, Sal repeatedly menti, Posted 6 years ago. You will not see this type Sufi missionaries navigated these difficulties adeptly, making Islam appealing by assimilating it into existing religious traditions. 10. There you get an interesting perspective. Indeed, it was the later Persian Safavid and Turkish Ottoman empires, neither of which was Arab, out of which the modern Islamic world was carved. Now in order to get context This is not surprising, as the armies of those days were not like modern armies - but more like a federation of tribal mercenary groups who were not paid and whose only material reward came from the spoils of war. you see Islam spread from as far west as Tunesia and Egypt, all the way through Persia. In the background, a tall minaret. We could continue this narrative, and we will continue to talk [81] Some Muslims in the Balkans chose to leave, while many others were forcefully expelled to what was left of the Ottoman Empire. The English synonym of "Muslimization", in use since before 1940 (e.g., Waverly Illustrated Dictionary), conveys a similar meaning as "Islamization". In the initial invasion, the victorious Muslims granted religious freedom to the Christian community in Alexandria, and the Alexandrians quickly recalled their exiled Monophysite patriarch to rule over them, subject only to the ultimate political authority of the conquerors. Hugh Kennedy, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, 2001. Trading played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, notably . In contrast, Roman Catholics, while tolerated, were suspected of loyalty to a foreign power (the Papacy). The Arab Muslim conquerors were primed to take advantage of this; they were familiar with Byzantine and Sasanian military tactics, having served in both armies. [9] Out of children born from 2010 to 2015, 31% were Muslim[10] and currently Islam is the world's fastest-growing major religion.[11][12][13]. Many different groups ruled areas previously held by the Abbasids. Direct link to David Alexander's post The people of the lands i, Posted 6 years ago. they have expelled you, "and persecution is worse than killing." Explains that the last reason islam spread really quickly was migration. There were still Muslims who could not flee from Mecca and were still oppressed because of their faith. At the same time, the Byzantines continued to attempt to regain their lost territories, including Jerusalem. A Pew Forum study, published in January 2011, forecast an increase of the proportion of Muslims in the European population from 6% in 2010 to 8% in 2030. After that, there was more political fragmentation into multiple Muslim polities. Especially relative to the Old Testament, which tends to be much more absolute when someone is disliked by God, whole cities or peoples Poorer Muslims (Moriscos) who could not afford to leave ended up converting to Catholic Christianity and hiding their Muslim practices, hiding from the Spanish Inquisition, until their presence was finally extinguished. It is believed that Islam first arrived in these South-eastern regions by the 7th century. But this next period, the Rashidun, or the Rightly Guided Kalifs, kalif means successors, Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built imperial structures over time. Kurdish leaders, like. Military campaigns continued without pause. Main articles: Arab-Byzantine Wars, Byzantine-Seljuq wars, Byzantine-Ottoman Wars. Moreover, conversion to Islam did not necessarily imply a complete turning from an old to a totally new life. As the conquests slowed and the isolation of the fighters (muqatilah) became less necessary, it became more and more difficult to keep Arabs garrisoned. They were regarded as the 'People of the Book', those who possessed a revealed scripture, or 'People of the Covenant', with whom compacts of protection had been made. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. The military was organized under the caliphate, a political structure led by a Muslim steward known as a caliph, who was regarded as the religious and political successor to the prophet Muhammad. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. Read more. urban classes of the population, "or tribal communities. these early European scholars viewed it analogous to things Societal Islamization has historically occurred over the course of many centuries since the spread of Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula through the early Muslim conquests, with notable shifts occurring in the Levant, Iran, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa,[15] Central Asia, South Asia (in Afghanistan, Maldives, Pakistan, and Bangladesh), Southeast Asia (in Malaysia, Brunei, and Indonesia), Southeastern Europe (in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, among others), Eastern Europe (in the Caucasus, Crimea, and the Volga), and Southern Europe (in Spain, Portugal, and Sicily prior to re-Christianizations). Islam spread through military conquest, trade, pilgrimage, and missionaries. Religious institutions became more defined during this period as state power waned. They were clearly Muslim, and Having a shared religion means having a shared belief system and shared values, which facilitates trade. [45] Moreover, Muslim missionaries did not encounter difficulty in explaining Islamic tenets to Zoroastrians, as there were many similarities between the faiths. [69], Islam came to the Southeast Asia, first by the way of Muslim traders along the main trade-route between Asia and the Far East, then was further spread by Sufi orders and finally consolidated by the expansion of the territories of converted rulers and their communities. The military conquest was inspired by religion, but it was also motivated by greed and politics. [26] Islam was initially associated with the Arabs' ethnic identity and required formal association with an Arab tribe and the adoption of the client status of mawali. In 1206, Bakhtiyar Khalji led the Muslim conquest of Bengal, marking the easternmost expansion of Islam at the time. The Dome was built in 780, while the mosque was completed in 715. Religion was co-opted on both sides for the purposes of people who wanted power. The generally accepted nationalist discourse of the current Balkan historiography defines all forms of Islamization as results of the Ottoman government's centrally organized policy of conversion or dawah. The Arab merchants and traders became the carriers of the new religion and they propagated it wherever they went. As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant, A related view is that conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Was a combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart, That the bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the, Kayadibi, Saim. While Muslim Spain was fragmenting, the Christian kingdoms grew larger and stronger, and the balance of power shifted against the 'Taifa' kingdoms. Direct link to A AN's post he is the ruler- leader o, Posted 3 years ago. or Eastern Roman Empire, taking territory from them here, and then Sasanid Persia, into the territory of the Pechenegs, where he taught and converted individuals to Islam. This fact is corroborated, by J. Sturrock in his South Kanara and Madras Districts Manuals,[57] and also by Haridas Bhattacharya in Cultural Heritage of India Vol. It's often referred to However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the ulus of the son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who founded the Golden Horde,[76] which operated from the 1240s to 1502. At the end of the Umayyad period, less than 10% of the people in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and Spain were Muslim. Whether or not Islam provided the motivation for early Muslim imperialism, it could be used to provide justification for it - in the same way that it had previously been used to support Muhammad's own actions against his opponents. Direct link to Destiny Condon's post Why were the caliphs succ, Posted 5 years ago. white period is before, according to Muslim traditions, that he started having your own primary resources. In other places and times, Buddhism has been the better one, or Christianity, or even "no belief at all". Muslims now lived within an elaborated system of ritual, doctrine and law clearly different from those of non-Muslims. contacts among merchants "or through the preaching of missionaries. You could find a situation in which people that had a shared religion benefitting form trade in the Indian Ocean Basin trade system, in which many merchants of small kingdoms got "muslim-ized" in order to better reap the benefits of muslim traders, since muslims would give better deals to muslims. This map shows the extent of the Umayyad Empire in 750 CE. Ultimately, the highly centralized Abbasid caliphate fragmented into multiple smaller, independent political structures. As Muslim Turks migrated into the Islamic empires, other groups invaded, including the Mongols. more and more conversions. They replaced Greek, Persian, and Coptic with Arabic as the main administrative language and reinforced an Arab Islamic identity. at the sacred mosque "until they fight you there. There's few instances in history where we see this type of A dome situated in the courtyard of a mosque. A drawing of a group of people traveling on horseback in a straight line. So how was Muhammad successful with spreading Islamic faith? The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista. This process took place over several centuries. "Until they fight you there. that, we have this text here from the American Sophronius also negotiated a pact with Umar known as Umar's Assurance, allowing for the religious freedom for Christians in exchange for jizya, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called dhimmis. Men fought for their religion, the prospect of booty and because their friends and fellow tribesmen were also doing it. That is a similar form, method Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Southwest China, became Yuan Governor of Yunnan in 1274. Byzantine rule was ended by the Arabs, who invaded Tunisia from 647 to 648[41] and Morocco in 682 in the course of their drive to expand the power of Islam. Ismailis were instructed to speak potential converts in their own language. There are a number of historians who see the rule of the Umayyads as responsible for setting up the "dhimmah" to increase taxes from the dhimmis to benefit the Arab Muslim community financially and to discourage conversion. Throughout a few hundred years it was able to spread from the Arabian Peninsula all the way to Spain in the west and India in the east (The rise of Islamic empires and states, n.d.). Christians were persecuted and churches destroyed. So according to Ira Lapidus, Ruled by a caliph (Arabic khalfah, "successor"), who held temporal and sometimes a degree of spiritual authority, the empire of the Caliphate grew rapidly through conquest during its first two . Missionaries and political expansion moved Islamic culture, but Islamic culture also traveled through trade. Direct link to JaydinA's post the world and the New cul, Posted 3 months ago. Another reason for Islam spreading is their religious views and spiritual ideas. Remember, the Koran is, Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria. Umar's early campaigns were against the Byzantine Empire. Ultimately, there were many factions that regarded the Umayyads as corrupt and illegitimate, some of whom rallied around new leaders. This worked better in some areas (Anatolia) and less in others (such as the Balkans in which "the spread of Islam was limited by the vitality of the Christian churches". The Qur'an has a number of passages that support military action against non-Muslims, for example: But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war) Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book Other passages confirmed the rightness of the ancient military tradition of looting from the defeated, and specified how the booty should be divided. A painting depicting five men, one of whom has his face covered. Sufi religious institutions were one such alternative structure. [73] A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. "[21] Conversion initially was neither required nor necessarily wished for: "(The Arab conquerors) did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. Ottoman Connections to the Malay World: Islam, Law and Society, Kuala Lumpur: The Other Press, 2011 (, This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 00:45. "[21], Only in subsequent centuries, with the development of the religious doctrine of Islam and with that the understanding of the Muslim ummah, would mass conversion take place. historian Ira Lapidus' book Islamic Societies to I looked it up and this is what I found How did Islam influence and change Turkey's culture? By the year 1000 it is believed that nearly eighty percent of the population in the Dar-al-Islam (Islamic territory) had converted to faith in Allah as it had been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century and handed down through succeeding generations by way of the holy Koran (Qur'an). [44] However, new scholarship has appeared that provides more nuance and details of the conversion of the Christian inhabitants to Islam. The 1980s and 90s, with several major conflicts in the Middle East, including the ArabIsraeli conflict, Afghanistan in the 1980s and 2001, and the three Gulf Wars (198088, 199091, 20032011) were catalysts of a growing internationalization of local conflicts. So a critical view of this is saying, look, this is clearly The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. Conversion to Islam also came about as a result of the breakdown of historically-religiously organized societies: with the weakening of many churches, for example, and the favouring of Islam and the migration of substantial Muslim Turkish populations into the areas of Anatolia and the Balkans, the "social and cultural relevance of Islam" were enhanced and a large number of peoples were converted. Direct link to Leo Williams's post Just a question, I've oft, Posted 2 months ago. Arab or Turkish conquerors." Direct link to led's post How did Islam come to be , Posted 3 years ago. If you start in the middle, you can cover a lot of ground, while also being able to suffer casualties that might be devastating. Posted 6 years ago. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. about it in future videos. Following the decisive Battle of Yarmouk in 636, the former Byzantine states of Syria, Palestine, and Lebanon were conquered by the Muslim armies. Analyzes how the appeal of the qur'an's messages resulted in the spread of islam. The new understanding by the religious and political leadership in many cases led to a weakening or breakdown of the social and religious structures of parallel religious communities such as Christians and Jews.
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