This means that more people are expressing their emotions, both positive and negative, and garnering support from others. Batra K, Sharma M, Batra R, Singh TP, Schvaneveldt N. Assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 among college students: An evidence of 15 countries. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature. Epub 2023 Feb 10. This global reach is what has made social media a critical communication platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies were subdivided into categories according to the summary estimate of effect sizes (odds ratio [OR], beta estimate from multiple linear regression [], and correlation coefficient [Pearsons r]). The analysis demonstrates that excessive time spent on social media platform is associated with increased anxiety and depressive symptoms in the pandemic. Six studies that dealt with anxiety symptoms and six with depression (Supplementary Material 11-1, 12-1) reported ORs and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (n=9579 and n=13,241 for anxiety and depressive symptoms, respectively). Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. The possibility of a reverse causal relationship cannot be ruled out. With emerging research suggesting social media may impact the mental health of some users, some platforms have begun to initiate positive changes. How has the pandemic changed our behavior? These findings suggest that the disaster stressor may be a risk factor that amplifies the deleterious impact of social media use on depression. The Dreadful Physical Symptoms of Dementia, 2 Ways Empathy Determines the Type of Partner We Choose, To Be Happy for the Rest of Your Life, Seek These Goals, Social Media Use, Psychological Function, and Well-Being, Depression Is Not Caused by Chemical Imbalance in the Brain, My Perspective as a Sex Therapist on Netflix's 'Sex/Life'. Many other benefits include being able to share ideas/information, sharing pictures/memories, increased opportunities to aid the community (charity . Instead, he suggested that [w]e all need to learn how to be responsible for our mental and behavioral strength and flexibility. The .gov means its official. Sometimes we end up alone without wanting to be. A single author first extracted the information and a second author checked for accuracy. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. 2023 Mar 15;325:747-754. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.009. We conducted a longitudinal survey to examine the temporal patterns of owner-pet relationship, stress, and loneliness during four phases of the pandemic: 1) pre-pandemic (February 2020), 2) lockdown (April to June 2020), 3) reopening (September to December 2020), and 4 . More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. The concept behind our blog focuses on the effects that social media has on young adults' mental health and more specifically, the impact it has had during this pandemic. That will allow you to be more open to your thoughts and feelings, more centered consciously in the present moment and connected to others, and more focused on your deepest human values. Study data were extracted by two independent researchers (YRL and YJJ). More exposure to disaster news via social media was associated with greater depression for participants with high (but not low) levels of the disaster stressor. Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, Spada MM. Social media in digital platforms is reportedly considered as a new channel of communication that could relieve aforementioned negative aspects of isolation through helping people escape negative emotions [5], projecting their personality as they desire, and evoking the impression of gaining back some control [6]. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The results were similar to the overall outcome (anxiety: OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96; depression: OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90). This year the COVID-19 pandemic has sparked a major uptick in social media usage. Social media use has been on the rise since its debut in 1995. Plenty of us became more anxious; but for some COVID-19 has sparked or amplified much more serious mental health problems. Validation of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale among Chinese college students. Cite this article. During the COVID-19 pandemic, you may experience stress, anxiety, fear, sadness and loneliness. Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. Prof. Hayes noted that the COVID-19 pandemic exploded the idea that mental health conditions only affect certain individuals. The new analyses also describe some of the severe challenges youth encountered during the pandemic: Disclaimer. Undoubtedly, there are numerous benefits to using social media. Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID The positive effect of social media while COVID. Scientists explain that some anxiety about personal safety and health during a widespread disease outbreak can help promote healthy behavior, including hand-washing and social distancing. Curr Psychol. Why Do Women Remember More Dreams Than Men Do? | Communication changes. COVID-19-related direct and vicarious racial discrimination: Associations with psychological distress among U.S. college students. Writing original draft: YRL, YJJ, SHK, SJJ. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [0.822.49]), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%) (see Fig. 2023 Mar 18;10(4):ofad142. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC; 2021. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the As the acute disease mainly affected people's physical health, there were other detrimental effects that were discovered at the aftermath of the lockdowns.This Research Topic aims to showcase evidence on how social media and general screen time affected people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and . MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. [continuous]. The measurement of exposure was expressed in different wordings as follows: Less vs. Frequently, Less vs. Often, less than 1 hour vs. 2 hours or more, or less than 3 hours vs. 3 hours or more. To calculate the overall effect, these individually measured exposure levels were operationally redefined (e.g., Less and Few were considered the same as less than 2 hours; less than 1 hour, Frequently, and Often were treated the same as 2 hours or more and 3 hours or more). Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 471497. Revenge bedtime procrastination: A plight of our times? California Privacy Statement, Draenovi M, Vukui Rukavina T, Machala Poplaen L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 146. The search strategy principles were as follows: (1) Social media or individual names of social media in the title, keyword and abstract results; (2) Terms referring to mental health with COVID-19 specified in the title (e.g. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. The current study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among young adults in the US, how they use social media and the social support they obtain from the online environment, and the effect on their mental health during stay-at-home orders. Psychiatry Research Elsevier Ireland Ltd. 2020;291:113190. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190. No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. We need to step up to that. Funding acquisition: SJJ. An official website of the United States government. It impacted the areas of an individual's social self and the dynamic between various groups. The relationship between Internet use and psychological well-being isn't simple. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Here are a few that we have noted: 1. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 International Association of Applied Psychology. PLoS One. 'Sex/Life' breaks the popular narrative that it is always the male partner who feels sexually unfulfilled. Due to the high accessibility of social media platform and the ease of socialisation in a controlled setting, individuals with underlying depression may be more drawn to social media interactions rather than face-to-face ones, more so in the pandemic era [ 28 ]. PMC The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I2=26.77%). 2020;395(10227):91220. As people grapple with these health, social and economic impacts, mental health has been widely affected. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. From conspiracy theories to false information about cures, there is an abundance of misinformation spread on social media platforms about the novel coronavirus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13409-0. On a global scale, social media can be a way for people to gather information, share ideas, and reach out to others facing similar challenges. 8600 Rockville Pike A meta-analysis of 23 studies (2018) reported significant correlation between social media use and psychological distress [23]. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Similarly, the increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%). A controversial study helps explain the impact of pets on child development. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf. Possible causes of heterogeneity among study results were explored by statistical methods such as influential analysis, the Baujat plot, leave-one-out analysis, and Graphic Display of Heterogeneity analysis [18]. All of this screen time greatly increases our overall exposure to a type of light referred to as blue light. Further studies with longitudinal data are warranted. There has understandably been widespread concern about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions on the mental health of children and young people, with evidence of recent increases in the prevalence of mental health problems. J Health Soc Sci. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Overexposure to inaccurate and false information can be confusing and overwhelming, ultimately leading to increased anxiety, mistrust, stress, and depression. In this Special Feature, Medical News Today looks at what research says about social media use and the COVID-19 pandemic to reveal how it has affected mental health. Prof. Steven C. Hayes, Foundation Professor of Psychology at the University of Nevada, Reno, who developed the Relational Frame Theory and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, told MNT: We know that there are toxic processes that produce particular challenges for people: exposure to physical and psychological pain; a comparison with others and judgment; entanglement with self-judgment., He further explained that [t]hose predict pathological outcomes if youre not able to step back to notice the process of feeling and thinking, to orient to whats present and what is really important to you and line up your behavior behind that., And social media, he added, because of its exposure to pain comparison and judgment, enormously challenges us all in ways that are orders of magnitude more severe than ever in the history of humanity. We also spoke with two experts about this complex topic. The pooled effect size of this meta-analysis was mainly presented in an odds ratio (Fig. According to one study, attempts to reduce the spread of misinformation by fact-checking and flagging posts with inaccuracies may help reduce the influence of false information for some people. depression, anxiety or blue). and transmitted securely. This means that more people are. Additionally, according to a study that appears in the journal Globalization and Health, there is increasing evidence that endless news feeds reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 death rates could influence the mental health of some individuals. eCollection 2023. Anxiety and depression measured by using screening tools with cut-offs presented results in odds ratios (see Supplementary Material 1). Before The 16 studies were divided into the positive, negative and neutral effects of social media. In cross-sectional studies, misclassification cases due to an unreliable self-contained questionnaire for categorizing depressive patients were rated as high risk. For the qualitative assessment, studies with two or more high risk of bias grades were then classified as low quality. J Health Psychol. Overall, social media is a paradox when it comes to one's mental health. Due to the high accessibility of social media platform and the ease of socialisation in a controlled setting, individuals with underlying depression may be more drawn to social media interactions rather than face-to-face ones, more so in the pandemic era [28]. For sensitivity analysis, the results of analysis including only the High quality studies after quality assessment were similar to those of the overall study with low heterogeneity (anxiety: pooled OR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.211.96, I2=0.00%; depression: pooled OR=1.42, 95% CI: 0.692.90, I2=0.00%). -, Machado DB, Alves FJO1, Teixeira CSS, Rocha AS, Castro-de-Araujo LF, Singh A, et al. While social media may be considered as an alternative channel for people to connect with their peers in the pandemic, the findings suggest that excessive use of social media can be detrimental for mental health. Social media, COVID-19, and mental health, New clues to slow aging? doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad142. Ma Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Chen D, Wang T, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Jiang J, Fan F, Liu X. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify studies. They found reasonable evidence that all. Prolonged social distancing and loss of intimate interpersonal contact increase feelings of frustration, boredom, anxiety, and potentially depression [2]. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The Comprehensive R Archive Network Package metafor. Still, there is ongoing debate on whether social media content regulation may increase mistrust and promote more social media posts reflecting inaccurate information. Correspondence to Every selection stage involved three independent researchers (two medical doctors [SJJ and YRL] and one graduate student from the Epidemiology Department [YJJ]). The COVID-19 pandemic has set the tone for a "new normal" of health and well-being. The outcomes of included studies were anxiety, and depression. 2017;2017:8652524. The Lancet, 395(10224), e37e38. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. 2022 Sep 19;6 (9):e38589. However, in some people, anxiety can become overwhelming and cause harm. We investigate the phenomenon of revenge bedtime procrastination. RoBANS applies to cross-sectional studies and comprises six items: participant selection, confounding, exposure measurement, blinding of outcome assessments, missing outcomes, and selective reporting of outcomes. 2023 Feb 15;20(4):3392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043392. Kramer AD, Guillory JE, Hancock JT. 2020;7(4):e178. Testing a tool for assessing the risk of bias for nonrandomized studies showed moderate reliability and promising validity. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use on mental health needs to be resolved. According to Chambers: Social media platforms have a key role to play in how their products impact on the mental health and well-being of their users. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021 Oct 6;23(11):70. doi: 10.1007/s11920-021-01288-y. A sample of 512 (62.5% women; Mage = 22.12 years, SD = 2.47) Chinese college students participated in this study from 24 March to 1 April 2020 via online questionnaire. In this Special Feature, we look at the phenomenon of decision fatigue, how it has evolved during the pandemic, and how to address it. Social distancing comes with psychological fallout Experts warn prolonged isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems The elderly are particularly vulnerable. As Prof. Hayes mentioned, these opportunities may include a heightened awareness of mental health and reduced stigma surrounding mental health conditions. Perceptions of dental undergraduates towards online education during COVID-19: assessment from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. Saha S, Scott J, Varghese D, McGrath J. Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with delusional-like experiences: a replication study based on a National Survey of mental health and wellbeing. He also explained that social media keeps people connected to friends and family, especially during social distancing with limited physical interactions. To maintain mental wellness during this pandemic, take care to exercise proper awareness for yourself and your family when engaging in the use of social media platforms. PubMed -. PubMed Central Benefits for neurotransmitters, inflammation, and more. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. PMC They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates. J Behav Addict. volume22, Articlenumber:995 (2022) Social media may be helpful for relieving anxiety and depression by providing information regarding the pandemic [7, 8].
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