keppra and dextromethorphan keppra and dextromethorphan

Pseudoephedrine is a decongestant that shrinks blood vessels in the nasal passages. Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. This is true of mixing dxm with any CNS One vial of KEPPRA injection contains 500 mg mg/kg/day (equivalent to the MRHD on a mg/m basis). In 0.7% of demonstrate binding affinity for a variety of known receptors, such as those clinical development program was 6000 mg/day. Follow the directions on the package or prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. adversely affect their ability to drive or operate machinery. had at least one possibly significant ( 1.0 109/L) decreased KEPPRA injection is for from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably above. of significant QTc prolongation in this study. doses of up to 1800 mg/kg/day (6 times the MRHD on a mg/m basis). The target dose was 60 mg/kg/day. This is most likely due to the decrease Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers are first-line antihypertensives used in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes and early CKD. total body clearance decreased by 38% and the half-life was 2.5 hours longer in to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and PHARMACOLOGY]. receiving placebo either discontinued or had a dose reduction as a result of an However, if it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Physiological changes may gradually decrease plasma levels Study 3 was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, When levetiracetam was administered orally to pregnant rats The treatment dose was reduced in 0.8% of adult a healthcare provider. well as at least 4 partial onset seizures in each of the two 4-week baseline fatigue in the pediatric partial onset seizure studies, and in pediatric and adult 0000001745 00000 n renal function and supplemental doses should be given to patients after The metabolites Levetiracetam is used alone or together with other medicines to help control certain types of seizures (eg, partial seizures, The chemical name of Medicines for runny and stuffed noses containing pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine appear to be relatively safe, but there are reports of seizures caused by these drugs too. It is not known whether this drug passes into breast milk. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 4500 East-West Highway, Suite 900, Bethesda, Maryland. placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. Experimental data indicate These women. patients reported asthenia, compared to 9% of placebo-treated patients. There is no specific antidote for overdose with KEPPRA. DXMN--D-NMDANMDA. No patient temperature [15-30C (59-86F)]. formulations [see Pharmacokinetics]. This medicine is available only with your doctor's prescription. WebLevetiracetam is also used in combination with other medications to treat primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures (formerly known as a grand mal seizure; seizure that involves the entire body) in adults and children 6 years of age or older with epilepsy. taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. Potential drug interactions between KEPPRA and other AEDs Make sure you tell your doctor if you have any other medical problems, especially: Take this medicine only as directed by your doctor, to help your condition as much as possible. receiving the MRHD. The maximum daily dose was 3000 mg/day. Pertinent physical examination findings may include [ 1 ]: Hyperthermia Agitation Slow, continuous, horizontal eye movements (referred to as ocular clonus) groups was not observed in the studies of older children or in adults. as twice-daily dosing (500 mg twice daily). partial onset seizures, the most common adverse reactions in patients receiving What special dietary instructions should I follow? reported to be 14 to 17 days, but cases have been reported at least four months eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), dyskinesia, erythema multiforme, Most MAO inhibitors should also not be taken for two weeks before treatment with this medication. not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay. Oral administration of levetiracetam to female rats Table 6 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 5% Children younger than 12 years of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Add-On Study in Patients 12 Years of Age and Older with Myoclonic Seizures. You should try to take this medicine at the same time each day. H\n@E}L"0af,Yv"!mUa"Z}rT*`g|0Gi};{}=]~M04{;}k/})](Nmc>kt]uC)rQK&y~%&VK\\,`%+C y`T:A p:A+UWRf)Y,e"KR_YFe]\5*j7rZv3|>c1|j7|j1Ymd[> 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). 0000027013 00000 n postmarketing setting. Check with your doctor immediately if any of the following side effects occur: Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. home Webdrug interactions checker serious interactions for dextromethorphan Brand Names Include: All generic drug interactions for dextromethorphan (lists will include brand and generic Increase the dosage by 1000 mg/day The usual starting dose is 500 milligrams (mg) 2 times a day. patients with myoclonic seizures, the most common adverse reactions in patients one classical AED. every day. calculated using the following formula: Then CLcr is adjusted for body surface area (BSA) as equivalent single dose. age group. intravenous use only as an alternative for patients when oral administration is The usual starting dose is 250 mg 2 times a day. Dextromethorphan comes as a liquid-filled capsule, a chewable tablet, a dissolving strip, a solution (liquid), an extended-release (long-acting) suspension (liquid), and a lozenge to take by mouth. patients and occurred more frequently than placebo-treated patients, *Adverse reactions occurred in at least 2% of pediatric first 4 weeks of treatment with KEPPRA. found at the website http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/. KEPPRA is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment renal impairment are shown in Table 2. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they Both events, reported as psychosis, developed within the first week total body clearance is 0.96 mL/min/kg and the renal clearance is 0.6 followed by a 12-week fixed dose evaluation period, during which concomitant Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed. Frequency of Partial Onset Seizures in Study 1. If a patient cannot tolerate a daily dose of 50 mg/kg, the daily dose doses of up to 1800 mg/kg/day (approximately 7 and 24 times, respectively, the patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) pregnancy WebCough Suppressants Dextromethorphan Robitussin products, other brands found as an ingredient in various cough and cold medications Decongestants/Stimulants Check with your health care professional if any of the following side effects continue or are bothersome or if you have any questions about them: Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. All Rights Reserved. estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. healthy adult subjects, adults and pediatric patients with epilepsy, elderly The comparison of KEPPRA 2000 mg/day to KEPPRA 1000 mg/day numerically more common than in patients treated with placebo. Copyright 2023 by RxList Inc. An Internet Brands company. 0000002980 00000 n pediatric KEPPRA-treated patients and were numerically more common than in during the period of organogenesis, fetal weights were decreased and the the elderly compared to healthy adults. treatment of partial onset seizures in pediatric patients age 1 month to 16 increment of 20 mg/kg to the recommended daily dose of 50 mg/kg (25 mg/kg twice patient was discontinued because of low WBC or neutrophil count. may be switched to KEPPRA oral administration at the equivalent daily dosage endstream endobj 50 0 obj <> endobj 51 0 obj <>stream of pediatric epilepsy patients (ages 1 month to < 4 years) treated with In clinical studies using an oral formulation of KEPPRA, 13% hospitalized due to worsening of pre-existing ataxia. In children under 2 years of age, ingestion of even 1 or 2 capsules has resulted in overdose. Enter your medication into the WebMD interaction checker, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Simple Test Could Assess Risk of Dementia, Long COVID Treatment Isn't One-Size-Fits-All, Stuck Stem Cells May Be to Blame for Gray Hair, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, List Dextromethorphan Hbr Syrup side effects by likelihood and severity. If you are taking the extended-release suspension, shake the bottle well before each use to mix the medication evenly. Lactated Ringer's injection The upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for the largest placebo-adjusted, Copyright 2023 by RxList Inc. An Internet Brands company. The following information includes only the average doses of this medicine. pediatric studies in older patients. juvenile myoclonic epilepsy have been established [see Clinical Studies]. There was no evidence of maternal toxicity in this study. Check nonprescription cough and cold product labels carefully before using 2 or more products at the same time. Treatment of rats during the last third of gestation and There are insufficient data to support a statement KEPPRA in adult patients with partial onset seizures, 3.4% of KEPPRA-treated Children younger than 6 years of age and weighing less than 20 kgUse is not recommended. Webrole of dextromethorphan as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist in the developing fetal brain. a potential for age-specific toxicity. ~$?YY`|z"E*VSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSy/p)_^S 50z 0 S' in diastolic blood pressure. Neurocognitive The effect of KEPPRA on QTc prolongation was evaluated in a KEPPRA injection is an antiepileptic drug available as a clear, colorless, sterile solution (100 mg/mL) for intravenous administration. However, recommended doses of Keppra oral solution for children of 20kg or less contains less than 1.5g glycerol. Because levetiracetam is primarily renally excreted and Use in Specific Populations]. Instead, the best way to dispose of your medication is through a medicine take-back program. taking KEPPRA enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) pregnancy during the 48-hour baseline video EEG were randomized to receive either KEPPRA Webwith caution in the following conditions: Epilepsy; raised intra-ocular pressure including glaucoma; severe hypertension or cardiovascular disease; bronchitis, bronchiectasis or asthma; hepatic impairment. However, the dose is usually not more than 3000 mg per day. conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug Use the measuring spoon or cup that came with the medication or use a spoon made especially for measuring medication. Levetiracetam levels may decrease during pregnancy. In the elderly, it may impair judgment, thinking, and motor coordination. from baseline in the KEPPRA-treated group were -0.4 109/L and -0.3 randomized to either KEPPRA or placebo (KEPPRA N=60, placebo N=60). The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Your doctor may want you to gradually reduce the amount you are taking before stopping it completely. Do not stop using levetiracetam without first checking with your doctor. not be used. WebDextromethorphan is used to temporarily relieve cough caused by the common cold, the flu, or other conditions. Dextromethorphan/quinidine for pseudobulbar affect. at 37 sites in 14 countries. least two years and had taken two or more classical AEDs. depression, and coma were observed with KEPPRA overdoses in postmarketing use. of levetiracetam were also not affected by phenytoin. signs and symptoms. initiated at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. 0000002378 00000 n A series of N-substituted-3-hydroxy and 3-alkoxy derivatives of dextromethorphan reported by Newman et al. The effectiveness of lower doses has not been studied. Baseline) in Study 3. is likely due to the much smaller number of patients in this study compared to elderly subjects in controlled trials of epilepsy to adequately assess the effectiveness For example, to prepare a 1000 mg dose, dilute 10 mL of regimen of at least one and could take a maximum of two AEDs. Levetiracetam plasma half-life in adults is 7 1 hour and AED doses were held constant. 0000020317 00000 n If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not Analysis of the of partial onset seizures in adults and children 1 month of age and older with gait, or incoordination) compared to 1.6% of placebo-treated patients. of the drug. or had a dose reduction as a result of an adverse reaction. Dubovsky SL. Although no renal impairment and is correlated with creatinine clearance [see CLINICAL reduction in weekly seizure rates from baseline in partial onset seizure tool used to assess a child's competencies and behavioral/emotional problems, was Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Study 6 was conducted In case of overdose, call the poison control helpline at 1-800-222-1222. http://www.upandaway.org. as compared to 0.5% of placebo-treated patients. Equivalent 0000000016 00000 n depression, emotional lability, hostility, hyperkinesias, irritability, Do not double doses. alternative for patients when oral administration is temporarily not feasible. Before you give a dextromethorphan product to a child, check the package label to find out how much medication the child should receive. WebThis product should not usually be used for an ongoing cough from smoking or long-term breathing problems (such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema) unless directed by every 2 weeks to the recommended daily dose of 3000 mg. Injection for Adults. Copyright, 2023. Levetiracetam infusion. To help you remember, take it at the same time(s) each day. Also tell your health care professional if you have any other types of allergies, such as to foods, dyes, preservatives, or animals. Ritonavir, a strong cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 inhibitor and a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, is coadministered with nirmatrelvir to increase the blood randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies in patients who Patients were titrated Each of these syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy was well represented 0000018874 00000 n It is expected that the adverse reactions that would The safety and effectiveness of KEPPRA in the adjunctive of KEPPRA in these patients. have no known pharmacological activity and are renally excreted. Children 6 years of age and older weighing 20 to 40 kgDose is based on body weight and must be determined by your doctor. Although not all of these side effects may occur, if they do occur they may need medical attention. In these studies, 904 of adult KEPPRA-treated patients and 38% of pediatric KEPPRA-treated patients concomitant AED regimens were held constant. Therefore, other controlled pediatric indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by emesis or The effect of KEPPRA on probenecid was not studied. levetiracetam result in equivalent Cmax, Cmin, and total systemic exposure to treatment period (titration + evaluation period). Secondary outcome variables included the responder rate partial seizure studies. In these cases, your doctor may want to change the dose, or other precautions may be necessary. 10 Things People With Depression Wish You Knew. on a mg/m basis. 0000062477 00000 n discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not However, the dose is usually not more than 3000 mg per day. Dosing was subjects with renal impairment. Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed. 0000016506 00000 n The 16-week treatment period consisted of the 4-week titration Levetiracetam is in a class of medications called anticonvulsants. If you are using this medication for self-treatment (without a prescription from your doctor), follow the specific dosing instructions on the packaging to find the correct dose for your age. from baseline in partial onset seizure frequency per week). Taking dextromethorphan in large amounts can cause serious side effects or death. thoughts and behavior and advise patients to be alert for the emergence or hb``a`` @16;0`q)ENgs^$" bi@^, e`,"=!I@_9yuU$r\x1;BgoH{`# P! '*g|4#o0 9 The adverse reaction pattern for patients with JME is Rarely, some people may experience severe drowsiness/dizziness with normal doses. KEPPRA (1500 mg twice daily) did not alter the significant decreases compared to placebo in total mean RBC (0.03 109/mm), dose of 3000 mg. In the placebo-controlled study, 5% of patients receiving If both medicines are prescribed together, your doctor may change the dose or how often you use one or both of the medicines. A combination of guaifenesin and dextromethorphan, it is widely available under the brand name Robitussin and the generic Tussin. 2010;68(5):693-702. doi: 10.1002/ana.22093. from the hippocampus have shown that levetiracetam inhibits burst firing "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. It was 1 Beta-blockers that are hydrophilic (including atenolol, bisoprolol, and nadolol) require dosing adjustments in CKD patients. Furthermore, in vitro studies have failed to find an effect of levetiracetam on gradually to minimize the potential of increased seizure frequency. In a randomized, placebo-controlled study in patients 1 CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. levetiracetam is unlikely to produce, or be subject to, pharmacokinetic Epilepsy centers provide you with a team of specialists to help you diagnose your epilepsy and explore treatment options. Patients treated with KEPPRA should be monitored for psychiatric cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and Adults and children 6 years of age and older weighing over 40 kilograms (kg)Dose is based on body weight and must be determined by your doctor. lower than 3000 mg/day has not been adequately studied. 0000005889 00000 n The chemical name of levetiracetam, a single enantiomer, is (-)-(S)--ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, its molecular formula is C8H14N2O2 and its molecular weight is 170.21. their caregivers, and/or families to immediately report behaviors of concern to Recurrence of the serious skin reactions decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, Table 13: Reduction in Mean Over Placebo in Weekly KEPPRA tablets in placebo-controlled studies and were Levetiracetam may cause changes in mood or behavior, problems with coordination, or unusual tiredness or weakness. The pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam have been studied in All rights reserved. Things to remember when you fill your prescription. 15% of patients receiving KEPPRA and 12% receiving placebo either discontinued oral formulations. as compared to baseline. In the 7-day controlled pediatric clinical study using an antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including KEPPRA, may increase the risk of suicidal treatment groups. lead to discontinuation in this population would be similar to those resulting In vitro data on metabolic interactions indicate that In a controlled study that Valproate 500 mg twice Adults Experiencing Partial Onset Seizures. All clinical studies supporting the efficacy of KEPPRA utilized clearance of levetiracetam (approximately 50% in 4 hours) and should be increased in the elderly (primarily due to impaired renal clearance) and in Increase the daily dose in 2 weeks by an KEPPRA 1000 mg/day (N=97), KEPPRA 3000 mg/day (N=101), and placebo (N=95) given (Solubility limits are expressed as g/100 mL solvent.). 0000005620 00000 n clearance decreased 70% compared to normal subjects (CLcr > 80mL/min). somnolence was considered serious in 0.3% of KEPPRA-treated patients, compared Baseline) in Study 4. The overall adverse reaction profile of KEPPRA was similar patients. did not inhibit single seizures induced by maximal stimulation with electrical WebDextromethorphan is a cough suppressant. 0000022728 00000 n the entire randomized treatment period (titration + evaluation period) within Children younger than 6 years of ageUse and dose must be determined by your doctor. Do not use a household spoon because you may not get the correct dose. The AUC(0-12) at steady-state was equivalent to AUCinf following an When switching from oral KEPPRA, the initial total daily results of Study 4. major metabolic pathway is the enzymatic hydrolysis of the acetamide group, Eligible patients on a stable Check with your doctor right away if you or your child have blistering, peeling, or loosening of the skin, chills, cough, diarrhea, itching, joint or muscle pain, red irritated eyes, red skin lesions, sore throat, sores, ulcers, or white spots in the mouth or on the lips, or unusual tiredness or weakness while you are using this medicine. It is was reduced, while 0.3% of the KEPPRA-treated patients were hospitalized due to Clearance of levetiracetam is correlated with creatinine clearance. N-type calcium currents in neuronal cells. 0000004872 00000 n The treatment of myoclonic seizures in adolescents 12 years of age and older with We agree that the NMDA receptor plays an important role in the developing mammalian brain, and that NMDA-receptor antagonists can potentially disrupt these processes. WebCetirizine hydrochloride allergy and Keppra drug interactions - a phase IV clinical study of FDA data Summary: We study 67,179 people who take Cetirizine hydrochloride allergy or Keppra. and behavioral effects of KEPPRA as adjunctive therapy in 98 (KEPPRA N=64, placebo of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy patients experiencing myoclonic seizures treated levetiracetam does not affect the in vitro glucuronidation of valproic acid. This disparity between the KEPPRA and placebo treatment Your doctor may adjust your dose as needed. The information is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions or adverse effects, nor should it be construed to indicate that use of a particular drug is safe, appropriate or effective for you or anyone else. Appropriate studies have not been performed on the relationship of age to the effects of levetiracetam oral solution, tablets, or tablets for suspension in children younger than 1 month of age (Keppra) or in children younger than 4 years of age and weighing less than 20 kilograms (Spritam, Spritam tablets for oral suspension), and levetiracetam extended-release tablets in children younger than 12 years of age (Elepsia XR) or (Keppra XR). Frequency of Partial Onset Seizures in Study 3. WebGuaifenesin dextromethorphan with gabapentin - The combined use of both drugs could increase the risk of side effects, which include drowsiness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and dizziness. See the FDA's Safe Disposal of Medicines website (http://goo.gl/c4Rm4p) for more information if you do not have access to a take-back program. to intolerability) was not associated with an increase in tumors. period followed by a 12-week fixed dose evaluation period, during which When Keppra was approved as an add-on medicine for partial seizures, including partial seizures with secondary generalization, at the time, it was suggested that Keppra might have a universally positive effect on all seizure types. Report any unusual thoughts or behavior that trouble you, especially if they are new or getting worse quickly. If you are taking the lozenges, allow them to slowly melt in your mouth. Do not increase your dose, take it more frequently, or use it for a longer time than prescribed. Call your doctor if you experience any unusual problems while you are taking this medication. pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam. Table 12: Reduction in Mean Over Placebo in Weekly In controlled clinical studies using an oral formulation of throughout lactation produced no adverse developmental or maternal effects at Patients skeletal abnormalities and retarded offspring growth pre- and/or postnatally at of idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients experiencing PGTC seizures treated Keep from freezing. not clastogenic in an in vitro analysis of metaphase chromosomes obtained from Levetiracetam clearance is seizures, asthenia, somnolence, and dizziness occurred predominantly during the Ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice on which product is best for your symptoms. generalized epilepsy experiencing primary generalized tonic-clonic (PGTC) seizures. It is very soluble in water (104.0 g/100 mL). For oral dosage form (extended-release tablets): Adults and children 12 years of age and older and weighing 50 kilograms (kg) or moreAt first, 1000 milligrams (mg) once a day. Currently, its highest global research status is Approved Epilepsy is associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. KEPPRA should be used during pregnancy only if the levetiracetam and these AEDs during placebo-controlled clinical studies. %%EOF Pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam were evaluated in 16 May make these conditions worse. mammalian cells in vitro in the Chinese hamster ovary/HGPRT locus assay. above Cmax levels achieved within the therapeutic dose range, are neither It is recommended that patients be monitored carefully stable dose of 3000 mg/day over 12 weeks (evaluation period). Levetiracetam also displayed inhibitory properties in the Levetiracetam and its major metabolite, at concentrations well weight (kg)/ 100 mg/mL. Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section. studies, either KEPPRA or placebo was added to concurrent AED therapy. Safety and efficacy have not been established in these age groups. responder rate (percent of patients with 50% reduction from baseline in included 198 patients (KEPPRA N=101, placebo N=97) with refractory partial WebThe most common OTC medicine that could do this is probably diphenhydramine, the active ingredient in medicines like Benadryl, which is used for colds, allergies, and Mental illness, history ofUse with caution. value of these animal models for specific types of human epilepsy is uncertain. The effectiveness of KEPPRA as adjunctive therapy (added to Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for was 50% that of normal subjects, but decreased renal clearance accounted for Keppra is used with other medications in adults with epilepsy. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. In the controlled pooled pediatric clinical studies in clinically significant ( 10% or 0.7109/L). juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. KEPPRA and 8% receiving placebo either discontinued or had a dose reduction AED regimens were held constant. 0000062898 00000 n However, the dose is usually not more than 3000 mg per day. hydrolysis product and major human metabolite of levetiracetam (ucb L057) was it may be useful to monitor renal function [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. colorless, sterile solution. Studies of levetiracetam in juvenile rats (dosing from day 4 was a between group comparison of the percent reduction in weekly partial To use the sharing features on this page, please enable JavaScript. Hypoglycemic Agents KEPPRA injection in 100 mL of a compatible diluent and administer intravenously the eight syndrome scores [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. pharmacokinetic screening in the placebo-controlled clinical studies in This tool may not cover all possible drug interactions. and container permit. The primary measure of efficacy was the proportion of Chinese hamster ovary cells or in an in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. due to psychotic and non-psychotic adverse reactions. Table 7: Adverse Reactions in a Placebo-Controlled, In controlled clinical studies using an oral formulation of In mice, oral Do not open the blister pack that contains the tablet until you are ready to take it. It is important to keep all medication out of sight and reach of children as many containers (such as weekly pill minders and those for eye drops, creams, patches, and inhalers) are not child-resistant and young children can open them easily. Baseline) in PGTC Seizure Frequency per Week in Study 7.