Recent investigations have added to the earlier work as well as identified potential new health benefits of AP consumption. Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. Furthermore, AP are available on a year-round basis and the per capita utilization of apples and AP in the United States has been on the rise over the past several years (10). 3. An anthocyanidin-rich fraction from each of the fruit extracts was also tested. Significant risk reduction was observed in cancer at several sites (percent reduction in parentheses), including oral cavity and pharynx (18%), esophagus (22%), colorectal (30%), larynx (41%), breast (24%), ovary (24%), and prostate (7%). [4] Processing [ edit] Apples are loaded onto a processing belt where they are crushed, pressed, and the juice separated. Similar results were found in cells exposed to an enriched extract of procyanidins (flavanols, catechin, and epicatechin). A great deal of work has focused on dietary polyphenols, particularly the most abundant subclasses, including flavonoids (60% of all polyphenols) and phenolic acids (30% of total polyphenols) (2). A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Caco-2/TC7 cells were exposed to apple extract, including a polyphenolic concentration equivalent to the consumption of 3 apples/d. The wide range of polyphenol content in whole apples and apple juice is depicted in Table 1 (4, 5). Typically, the greater values in the ranges shown for juices reflect the higher concentration of polyphenols in fresh juice prepared from cider apples and commercial preparations of cloudy juice compared to lower quantities in fresh juice made with dessert apple varieties or commercial juices that are clear. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. There was also a 1.5-fold increase in SCFA in the fermented samples compared to nonfermented. A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. Plasma levels of HDL cholesterol increased and liver TG content decreased, although plasma TG levels were somewhat higher. pandamonium. A new report using data from the French branch of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition trial provided evidence of a link between apple intake and reduced asthma prevalence in a sample of 68,535 adult women, mostly teachers, enrolled in a national health insurance plan (52). Unfermented apple juice extract also had potent antiproliferative effects. Iso-octane. The sense of smell can detect odors are extremely low concentrations . (27) treated rats with a carcinogenic agent (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) to induce mammary tumors and then fed extracts of whole apples by gavage to the animals. Feeding trials are important in illustrating in vivo effects of AP and there are convincing data that AP intake is associated with improved antioxidant capacity in plasma and other tissues. The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04266.. The authors are among the few to address the potential importance of pH in flavonoid-mediated activity. These studies are among the few that highlight the importance of metabolized AP and emphasize the need to determine the biological activity of metabolites of phytochemicals in vivo. In a 100 gram (ml) reference amount, it provides 22 calories, with negligible content of micronutrients. The thirteen investigations reported in Table 1 dealt with various topics such as the characterization of different apple cultivars in terms of chemical/phytochemical composition, nutritional values and sensory description [12,13,14,15,16] and . CardboardChampion 3 yr. ago. Early work suggested a potential association between AP intake and reduced risk of coronary artery disease, lung cancer, asthma, and diabetes. In a large ongoing trial, the Women's Health Study, semiquantitative FFQ were analyzed to determine if dietary flavonoid intake was associated with risk of diabetes and related markers of insulin resistance and inflammation (67). To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. 37 First, 150 L of a CHE extract aqueous solution (1 mg mL 1), 150 L of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, 600 L of water and 1500 L of sodium carbonate solution (7% w/v) were mixed.The reaction mixture was stirred for five minutes and stored in the dark . There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. These include the diet-related conditions of hypertension, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure, and stroke (33). 42. Although there were observed differences in effectiveness and specificity between each extract preparation, the effective range was comparable to quantities of phytochemicals found in apple juice. There are current data suggesting that AP might be linked to reduced risk of several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and asthma. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. The chemical composition of apples and cider. A recent animal study indicated that AP are potentially important in counteracting dietary prooxidants. Histological analysis showed that consumption of the apple extract also reduced the proportion of highly malignant adenocarcinoma in a dose-dependent manner from 81.3% in the control group to ~57, 50, and 23% in the low, middle, and high doses of apple extracts, respectively, over 24 wk. The current report focused on studies published since the last review of AP and health in 2004 (1). Although apples and citrus were collectively associated with reduced risk of diagnosed asthma, adjustment for citrus eliminated the significance of the effect of apples. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive Although this effect was less robust after adjustment for intake of other fruits and vegetables, the association remained. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. (53) recently published a follow-up analysis of an earlier study in which they demonstrated a protective effect of apple consumption on asthma (54). Current guidelines recommend daily consumption of foods that are a good source of dietary fiber and low in energy density to promote healthy weight maintenance or weight loss. Although further work needs to be done, it is intriguing that components in AP have the potential to modify genetic profiles in a potentially protective manner. II. An analysis of urinary samples collected postconsumption at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h demonstrated that the fresh and processed apple meals each decreased 3-h net acid excretion and attenuated calcium loss to a similar extent compared to the control meal (73). Others have worked to characterize the effects of individual compounds known to be present in AP. The observations that AP intake might be associated with reduced risk of cancer have led to an expanded field of animal and in vitro work with cell models that mimic phases in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. It is estimated that over 80 million American adults (1 in 3 and particularly adults older than 60 y) have one or more types of cardiovascular disease. One of the most common pesticides used on apples after harvest is diphenylamine, used to prevent apple scald or browning of the skin that can occur during storage. In addition to clinical data, recent animal feeding and in vitro studies have aimed to examine the potential protective link between AP and cancer. - Quora Answer (1 of 3): alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin alpha linolenic acid Pantothenic acid Ferulic acid Asparagine D-categin Isoquercetin Neoxanthin Lutein Riboflavin Something went wrong. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. Ogino et al. The purpose of the present review is to provide an updated summary and analysis of recent findings related to AP and associated compounds with a particular focus on their potential role(s) in disease risk and general human health. Blood sampled at 1, 2, 3, and 6 h postconsumption was assayed for FRAP and plasma ascorbate and urate levels. Poultry Consumption and Human Health: How Much Is Really Known? In the living rats, drinking the apple extract in water for 10 d or 1 h prior to indomethacin-induced injury prevented macroscopic injury and partial microscopic damage by 4045% (75). Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). Recent work suggests that these products may also be associated with improved outcomes related to cognitive decline of normal aging, diabetes, weight management, bone health, pulmonary function, and gastrointestinal protection. In addition, a synthetic mixture developed to mimic the composition of the natural polyphenolic profile was formulated and tested on cultured HT29 cells. The fraction highest in catechin also protected cells from oxidative damage in a dose-dependent manner with a maximal protective effect at 3 h. The protective effect was associated with a corresponding increase in antioxidant activity and reduced lipid peroxidation per measurement of MDA. Several studies demonstrate that AP reduce cell proliferation, alter markers of the cell cycle, increase apoptotic mechanisms, and modulate signal transduction pathways. 3 comments. Dietary antioxidants are of interest, because they add to the endogenous potential of the body to scavenge ROS and nitrogen-free radicals and directly counteract lipid peroxidation reactions. However, the study had several limitations including a high attrition rate (29%) resulting in unequal sample sizes between groups (50% fewer in the oat cookie than either the apple or pear group) and a slight but significant difference in age between study groups (41.6 vs. 46.2 y in apple vs. cookie, respectively). In men, the risk reduction was 19% in the group consuming >54 g compared to no apple intake (34). Their experiments tested for the effectiveness of various fruits in inhibiting ROS-induced production of ethylene from -keto--methiolbutyric acid. In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. In a follow-up study, the above investigators developed reconstituted mixtures including 5 major apple-derived compounds to determine the relative antioxidant contribution of selected polyphenolics (20). Although there is a trend toward studying polyphenol-enriched extracts or isolated constituents and fewer clinical studies since the last review of AP and health, several investigators note that native AP and extracts are often more effective than individual compounds or synthetic mixtures of compounds. Other reports have indicated that apple intake is associated with reduced risk of asthma and related symptoms. Among the enzymes of interest in intestinal tissues is cytochrome P450 1A1, an enzyme known to activate chemical carcinogens. In a recent study using Caco-2 cells, it was found that an apple juice extract devoid of carbohydrates, acids, and other native compounds attenuated experimentally induced expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and inhibited catalytic activity of the enzyme. Several investigators have proposed that unknown compounds beyond those currently examined and characterized in AP might account for improved health and be linked to reduced risk of disease. Thus, apples may be potentially important in weight-related disorders. Although the SCFA were not correlated with inhibition of growth in this study, it is known that SCFA can stimulate pathways of growth arrest, differentiation, and apoptosis. 2.5. Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. In one study, polyphenols were extracted from the juice of a variety of table and cider apples. This is of importance, because many flavonoids and dihydrocalchones are present in intact plant foods as glycosides with saccharide residues, but during processing and storage hydrolysis occurs, leading to the aglycone form. Preliminary observations show the potential of a link between AP intake and possible risk reduction for osteoporosis and diabetes, but the work on potential mechanisms needs to be expanded. Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Future studies, including well-conducted clinical trials using whole apple preparations and juice, are clearly warranted. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. The data were based on dietary assessment questionnaires from a prospective cohort of 478,590 male and female participants in 23 centers from 10 European countries. In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. In many of these studies, dietary intake was quantified using diet history or FFQ followed by tests for a statistical link between disease risk and defined strata of AP or AP-flavonoid consumption. The apple peel extract was among the fruits that showed a significant dose-response reduction in cell proliferation in the HT29 but not the MCF-7 cells, the latter cell type being generally less responsive to extract exposure. In addition, the extract downregulated several signal pathways involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, including PKC and enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis. The upregulation of these enzymes suggests that regular apple consumption might promote a favorable milieu to reduce oxidation. Thus, the study of AP is highly relevant and they have important potential to affect the health of the populations consuming them. Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. The women were randomized to 1 of 3 diet groups for 10 wk including a daily intake of 300 g of apple (~1.5 large size), daily intake of a similar quantity of pear, or 60 g of oat cookies. It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. 2.1 Chemical Composition of Apple and Apple Waste. An indirect outcome of inflammation (splenomegaly) was also reduced in the groups taking the phloridzin. There was a significant reduction of preneoplastic lesions in the animals exposed to the apple phytochemicals, including 50% fewer aberrant crypts. These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. Daily administration of the apple extract (~272 mg of phenolics/100 g of apples) for 24 wk resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction in the number and onset of mammary tumors compared to control rats. Studies are presented below, grouped by disease states and/or disease processes when applicable. The idea that there is a difference between "natural . A few studies have evaluated the potential of AP to prevent or reduce injury to gastric mucosa by drugs (75). Nutrient Composition of Hawthorn. Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . It was found that apple juice from concentrate was significantly and dose-dependently associated with reduced wheeze (juice ranging from 1 serving/mo to 1 serving/d) but not with reduced presence of asthma. Fermented apple juice extract had an antiproliferative effect in both cell lines, particularly in the LT97 cells, suggesting a greater effect on precancerous than cancer cells. freshly squeezed orange juice. One study published by a different group in 2006 did not find an association between fruit intake (reported in a semiquantitative FFQ) and several endpoints related to diagnosed asthma in Dutch children (57). Which polyphenolic compounds contribute to the total antioxidant activities of apple? It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13). Overproduction and/or overexposure to oxidants in the body can result in an imbalance leading to cellular damage. (42). The aim of the study was assessing the advantages of dietary supplementation with the above pomaces. Incubation of these cells with the apple juice extract for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced their growth. In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). There is clearly a need for controlled clinical intervention studies using AP to further examine the potential association between AP and asthma. The apple extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cell cycle protein expression. The apple protected cells from oxidative damage, particularly the extract that was highest in chlorogenic acid (104 mmol/L). The nature of the link between diet and disease is complex. Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. Fecal fermentation resulted in a degradation of 99.9% of the parent polyphenols except for complex structures. Women in the highest quartile of apple intake compared to the lowest quartile had a significantly lower incidence of asthma. Metals, sugars, organic . The data are presented in the context of colon cancer, followed by breast cancer and general studies. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, nutritional properties and antioxidant activity of Monkey apple methanol extract. All extracts significantly reduced oxidative damage and effectively reduced the presence of tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced ROS. An extract isolated from a mixture of 4 apple varieties was incubated for 24 h with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to test the effect of AP on NF-B response to TNF stimulation. It was found that consuming one or more medium-sized apples (166 g)/d was associated with a reduction in risk of cancer compared to consumption of <1 apple/d. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. A study in Oregon involved testing 6 healthy participants (3 men and 3 women) after they consumed 5 apples (flesh and skin, 1037 38 g) (39).