Schizophrenics returning to such a family were more likely to relapse into the disorder than those returning to a family low in EE. Eg. For example hallucinations are a symptom of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Participants in Group B, the control group, were a volunteer sample of people who attended a community centre. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. [2 marks] Typical antipsychotic drugs are used to reduce the intensity of positive symptoms, blocking dopamine receptors in the synapses of the brain and thus reducing the action of dopamine. (2003) studied DNA from human families affected by schizophrenia and found that those with the disease were more likely to have a defective version of a gene, called PPP3CC which is associated with the production of calcineurin which regulates the immune system. Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Psychology Schizophrenia Family Dysfunction. Cognitive approaches do not explain the causes of cognitive deficits where they come from in the first place. [6 marks], ethical problems - parents feel responsible for their child's illness causing even greater stress and anxiety. The basic assumption of CBT is that people often have distorted beliefs which influence their behaviour in maladaptive ways. Diagnosis refers to the assigning of a label of a disorder to a patient. For example in some Asian countries people are not expected to show emotional expression, whereas in certain Arabic cultures public emotion is encouraged and understood. VAT reg no 816865400. However they do not cure schizophrenia, rather they dampen symptoms down so that patients can live fairly normal lives in the community. Clozapine acts in a similar way to Chlorpromazine, but also acts on serotonin and glutamate receptors. Validity the extent to which schizophrenia is a unique syndrome with characteristics, signs and symptoms. They are a form of behavioral therapy where desirable behaviors are encouraged by the use of selective reinforcement and is based on operant conditioning. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Evaluation of family therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia - Stuvia First, the adoptees study method, the index offspring of adopting-away schizo Ethical issues Severely ill patients cant get privileges because they are less able to comply with desirable behaviors than moderately ill patients They may suffer from discrimination. As the drugs block dopamine activity, they tend to have (sometime severe) side-effects. It binds to dopamine receptors more strongly than Clozapine, and there is some evidence that it produces fewer side-effects. A second weakness of the cognitive model is that it is reductionist. However, biological factors must have had a role to play as none of the adoptees with no family history of schizophrenia from disturbed families developed schizophrenia, Boston House, Parents who have already suffered their child going through the dis-order and have to look after them with care go into more trauma by being blamed for the condition. It is also important to note that two-thirds of people with schizophrenia have no relative with a similar diagnosis and therefore have no one to inherit it from. Aetiological validity for a diagnosis to be valid, all patients diagnosed as schizophrenic should have the same cause for their disorder. Tokens are secondary reinforcers, which are exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers), for example food, being allowed to watch a film, and so on. Small doses given to people already suffering from schizophrenia tend to worsen their symptoms. They are also encouraged to evaluate the content of their delusions or of any internal voices they hear and to consider ways in which they might test the validity of their faulty beliefs. 2. The original version suggested it was due to high levels or activity of dopamine in the subcortex (hyperdopaminergia). The aim in modern forms of this therapy is to reduce the stress in the family environment so preventing relapse. However, one explanation for this is mutation in parental DNA. 806 8067 22 Dysfunctional Family: Meaning, Examples & Facts I StudySmarter Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functions, for example hallucinations, delusions and thought disturbances such as thought insertion. (Total 4 marks) 12 Describe and evaluate biological explanations for schizophrenia. Substance abuse: Amphetamine and Cannabis and other drugs have also been identified as triggers as they affect serotonin and glutamate levels. and pragmatic (how is the belief helpful?) Effectively means that it needs to be clearly linked and explained in the context of the answer. It could be that the problems caused by low neurotransmitters creates the cognitive deficits. However, those children from families schizophrenia were less likely to develop the illness if placed in a good family with kind relationships, empathy, security, etc. [2 marks], - Characteristics of dysfunction eg difficulties in communication, high levels of interpersonal conflict, Evaluate psychological explanations of schizophrenia [16 marks], Briefly discuss two limitations of the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia. Diathesis-Stress Model - Simply Psychology The Interactionist approach acknowledges that there are a range of factors (including biological and psychological) which are involved in the development of schizophrenia. Therefore, the evidence supporting token economies is very weak. This suggests the doctors had no valid method for detecting schizophrenia. Medications reduce positive symptoms particularly hallucinations and delusions; and usually allow the patient to function more effectively and appropriately. Preliminary analysis: Through interviews and observation the therapist identifies strengths and weaknesses of family members and identifies problem behaviors. Schizophrenia Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Dysfunctional Family Addiction Addiction Treatment Theories Aversion Therapy Behavioural Interventions Drug Therapy Gambling Addiction Nicotine Addiction Physical and Psychological Dependence Reducing Addiction Risk Factors for Addiction Six Stage Model of Behaviour Change Families taught to have weekly family meetings solving problems on family and individual goals, resolve conflict between members, and pinpoint stressors. They are then given homework tasks to practice, and keep a record of how it worked. The focus of a token economy is on shaping and positively reinforcing desired behaviors and NOT on punishing undesirable behaviors. 11 Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. (1991) found a relapse rate of almost 40% when patients had drugs only, compared to only 20 % when Family Therapy or Social Skills training were used and the relapse rate was less than 5% when both were used together with the medication. Antipsychotic drugs are weakened by the fact that they have severe side-effects. Tienari Et. Catatonia- staying in position for hours/days on end, cut off from the world. The reason for this is because the research is carried out in highly controlled environments, which specialist, high tech equipment such as MRI and PET scans. This creates problems of reliability. This limits the usefulness of token economies in treating schizophrenia. To form identical twins, one fertilised egg (ovum) splits and develops two babies with exactly the same genetic information. The biological basis for schizophrenia is therefore not addressed at all in the therapy, limiting its use. The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia This is mainly aimed at lowering expressed emotion. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Genome Project has increased understanding of the complexity of the gene. Eg. [4 marks], Briefly outline family dysfunction as an explanation for schizophrenia. A number of researchers have suggested that difficulties in understanding other peoples behavior might explain some of the experiences of those diagnosed as schizophrenic. Autopsies have found that there are generally a large number of dopamine receptors (Owen et al., 1987) and there was an increase in the amount of dopamine in the left amygdale (falkai et al. They found that schizophrenics reported a higher recall of double bind statements by their mothers than non-schizophrenics. Vasos (2012) Found the risk of schizophrenia was 2.37 times greater in cities than it was in the countryside, probably due to stress levels. Make sure you know which is which, for example do you understand the difference between genetic explanation and neural correlates explanation, and do you have a model essay for each? Therefore there is no need to feel stressed or ashamed about them. with reference to co-morbidity, Token economies aim to manage schizophrenia rather than treat it. First generation Antipsychotics are called Typical Antipsychotics , AQA A level Psychology paper 3 7182/3 14th June 2019 , AQA A Level Psychology Paper 3 7182/3 - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat] , AQA A Level Psychology 2022 Predictions (Paper 3) . Lengthy It takes months compared to drug therapy that takes weeks which leads to disengaged treatment as they dont see immediate effects A patient who is very distressed and perhaps suicidal may benefit better in the short term from antipsychotics. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. While schizophrenia has a strong genetic component, some individuals with genetic susceptibilities to the disorder nonetheless remain healthy. An example is Clozapine which is used when other drugs have failed, due to the risk of agranulocytosis (a potentially fatal blood condition). Credit should be awarded for one type in some detail or for two (or more) done briefly. It is not clear which comes first. Adverse drug reactions experienced by out-patients taking [4 marks], "Two years ago Jenny was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Neuropsychologist Michael Foster Green suggests that neurocognitive deficits in basic functions such as memory, attention, central executive and problem solving skills may combine to have an outcome which we are labelling Schizophrenia as if it was the cause when in fact it is simply an umbrella term for a set of effects. This suggests that the cognitive approach is oversimplistic when consider the explanation of schizophrenia. CBT is rarely used without drug therapy, suggesting it is not enough on its own to treat schizophrenia. They did not believe that schizophrenia was a disease. Weak evidence for family based explanations, there is no evidence that supports the importance of double bind theory. Therefore it appears that several neurotransmitters may be involved in the development of schizophrenia, meaning the dopamine hypothesis is too simplistic. It is more likely Severe side effects Long term use can result in tardive dyskinesia which manifests as involuntary facial movements such as blinking and lip smacking While they may be effective, the severity of the side effects mean the costs outweigh the benefits therefore they are not an appropriate treatment. One area where the model has had considerable success is schizophrenia, a disease with both genetic and environmental causes. Family dysfunction refers to the workings of dysfunctional families, and the effects of being brought up in one, contributing to schizophrenia. They block dopamine receptors on post-synaptic neurons, meaning that less dopamine is transmitted across the synapse. Family therapy is based on the theory that schizophrenia is associated with schizophrenogenic mothers, double bind communication, expressed emotion, or other dysfunction in the family. Negative symptoms are a diminution or loss of normal functions such as psychomotor disturbances, avolition (the reduction of goal-directed behavior), disturbances of mood and thought disorders. A dysfunctional family is one that has at its core destructive and harmful parenting and a lack of concern for the child. But in fact some Schizophrenics are successfully treated whereas others are not. culture and gender bias and symptom overlap. Once the patient has had several sessions (often between 5 and 20), they should be able to recognise the fact that their beliefs are not based on reality. (1988) has found a gene located on chromosome 5 which has been linked in a small number of extended families where they have the disorder. Families can help minimize the damage to self of the schizophrenic that this entails. The family dysfunction explanation is an explanation that sees maladaptive relationships and patterns of communication as a source of stress which influences the development of schizophrenia Boston Spa, Company Reg no: 04489574. Family therapies may improve the quality of life for schizophrenia patients and their families, but do not provide a cure for schizophrenia, rather a management of the effects. (2008) found that antipsychotics are generally effective for at least one year, but second- generation drugs were no more effective than first-generation ones. Family Dysfunction as an Explanation of Schizophrenia - YouTube These might include things as simple as turning up the TV to drown out the voices they were hearing! Typical antipsychotics: Developed in the 1950s, for example Chlorpromazine. Refer to one or more typesof family dysfunction in your answer. This means it cannot be used to treat schizophrenia by itself. Even newer antipsychotic drugs, such as risperidone and olanzapine are safer, and they also may be better tolerated. It is not a cure. Treatment: In an interactionist approach, treatments will take more than one form. Toyokawa, Et. PDF Fisiopatologia, avaliao e tratamento da disfuno ertil: artigo de This suggests that the research into gene mapping is oversimplistic as schizophrenia is not due to a single gene. Predictive validity. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. As this is not the case family dysfunctions cannot be the sole cause ofthe illness. [4 marks]. In the 1950s and 60s nurses often rewarded patients with cigarettes. Researchers estimate up to 1 percent of adults worldwide have schizophrenia.. What . Antipsychotic drugs are highly effective as they are relatively cheap to produce, easy to administer and have a positive effect on many sufferers. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question, however, it does make sense to spend more time on those topics which have not appeared for a while. Scheff (1966) points out that diagnosis classification labels the individual, and this can have many adverse effects, such as a self-fulfilling prophecy (patients may begin to act how they are expected to act), and lower self-esteem. One biological explanation for schizophrenia is that it is passed on through the genes. Additional communication skills are taught, such as compromise and negotiation, and requesting a time out . It also seems to be aetiologically heterogeneous as different studies have identified different candidate genes. Alogia aka speech poverty is a thought disorder were correct words are used but with little meaning. ), empirical (where is the evidence?) They believed that schizophrenia was a result of social pressures from life. Classification is the process of organising symptoms into categories based on which symptoms cluster together in sufferers. Although this study showed that children with a biological parent were still at greater risk even if they had been adopted into families with no history of schizophrenia, all reported cases of schizophrenia occurred in families rated as disturbed. Social dysfunction and skills in preview & related info | Mendeley [8 marks] The fact that jack could never talk to his mum shows a symptom of schizophrenia, that fact that he displays lack of speech. Schizophrenia | Psychology | tutor2u Objectives: To compare social skills in patients with schizophrenia classified according the degree of treatment response and severity of psychopathology with normative controls by using the Del Prette Social Skills Inventory (SSI). This has the effect of reducing dopamine production, and reduces positive symptoms such as hallucinations. The stress-trigger could be environmental __or biological (for example, smoking cannabis is linked with schizophrenia). Clozapine targets multiple neurotransmitters, not just dopamine, and has been shown to be more effective than other antipsychotics, although the possibility of severe side effects in particular, loss of the white blood cells that fight infection. Book now . Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour | Psychology | tutor2u A second strength of the research into expressed emotion (EE) is that it has practical applications. One strength of the double bind explanation comes from further empirical support provided by Berger (1965). Research by Miyakawa et al. The reason for this is because if the individual does have large ventricles then does it really mean that they will develop schizophrenia? Note: you may come across the terms DSM-IV and ICD-10. ABC: Get the patients to understand what is really happening in their life: A: Antecedent what is triggering your problem ? These may be risk factors for the development and maintenance of schizophrenia. This manages schizophrenia because it maintains desirable behavior and no longer reinforces undesirable behavior. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for enlarged ventricles determining the likelihood of schizophrenia developing. Pharoah et al (2010) suggest that the following techniques, in which all of the family are involved, are used: This is a behavioural treatment for schizophrenia, based on operant conditioning (learning through reinforcement). McMonagle and Sultana (2009) found in a meta-analysis of 110 studies, that only 3 had used random allocation (where a true comparison was available with an experimental and control group). Kendler (1985) has shown that first-degree relatives of those with schizophrenia are 18 times more at risk than the general population. This suggests that there are problems with the chicken and egg problem. Schizophrenia is a severe type of mental illness that affects a person's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors. Found that changes in behavior achieved through token economies do not remain when tokens are withdrawn, suggesting that such treatments address effects of schizophrenia rather than causes. To educate relatives about schizophrenia. b) Explain one reason why there might be a problem of bias and generalisation in this study. Comorbidity occurs because the symptoms of different disorders overlap. There is a lack of understanding and explanation of how the diathesis-stress model works- it is known that both have to be present to lead to schizophrenia, but not how the mechanisms of schizophrenia symptoms develop. This is a useful point to emphasise in any essay on the disorder. A final weakness of the genetic explanation of schizophrenia is that it is biologically reductionist. The entire evaluation of Schizophrenia (AQA A-level Psychology) 33.39 5.49 3x sold 11 items 1. More receptors lead to more firing and an over production of messages. Clozapine, Olazapine and Risperidone. System overlap refers to the way that disorders have shared symptoms. Economic Benefits: Family therapy is highly cost effective because it reduces relapse rates, so the patients are less likely to take up hospital beds and resources. Family dysfunction | definition of Family dysfunction by Medical dictionary Some sufferers only take a course of antipsychotics once, while others have to take a regular dose in order to prevent symptoms from reappearing. Ethics do the benefits of classification (care, treatment, safety) outweigh the costs (possible misdiagnosis, mistreatment, loss of rights and responsibility, prejudice due to labelling). Does the low motivation reflect depression or schizophrenia, or both? Boston Spa, Out-dated views that were once accepted are no longer tolerated by families and are now seen as destructive rather than productive, Briefly outline how cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is used to treat schizophrenia and explain one limitation of using CBT to treat schizophrenia. One of the biggest criticisms of the dopamine hypothesis came when Farde et al found no difference between schizophrenics levels of dopamine compared with healthy individuals in 1990. Visual - Evaluation of neural correlates for schizophrenia 4. A study by Anderson et al. Supporting evidence for the brain structure explanation comes from further empirical support from Suddath et al. They arrest dopamine production by blocking the D2 receptors in synapses that absorb dopamine, in the mesolimbic pathway thus reducing positive symptoms, such as auditory hallucinations. They act as dopamine antagonists, attempting to reduce dopamine activity. To stabilize the social authority of the doctor and the family. Even after stopping the use of the drug, this condition can persist. stress) may trigger the onset of schizophrenia, rather than individuals with schizophrenia moving down in social status. Central idea: Patients problems are based on incorrect beliefs and expectations. The therapist needs to accept that the illusions may seem real to the patient at the time and should be dealt with accordingly. This suggests that there is wider academic credibility for the idea of contradictory messages causing schizophrenia. Al (2011) suggest many aspects of urban living ranging from life stressors to the use of drugs, can have an effect on human epigenetics. A second weakness is the problem of nature-v-Nurture. Yellowless et al. Let the patient develop their own alternatives to their previous maladaptive behavior by looking at coping strategies and alternative explanations. A second weakness of the double bind theory is that there are ethical issues. Schizophrenogenic Mother | SpringerLink Adults with an insecure attachement to their primary carere are also more likely to have schizophrenia (Berry et al 2008). Further support comes from the fact that dopamine agonists (e.g. 214 High Street, Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. This makes it more difficult to confidently diagnose schizophrenia. Describe the family dysfunction explanation for schizophrenia and explain how. Turkington et al. Very important to note genetics are only partly responsible, otherwise identical twins would have 100% concordance rates. Metaanalysis by Crossley Et Al (2010) suggested that Atypical antipsychotics are no more effective, but do have less side effects. 3. Explanations of Attachment: Learning Theory, Research Methods: Scientific Method & Techniques, The Ethological Explanation of Aggression, Psychological Explanations of Offending Behaviour, Dealing with Offending Behaviour: Custodial Sentencing. Pharoah identified examples of how family therapy works: It helps family members achieve a balance between caring for the individual and maintaining their own lives, it reduces anger and guilt, it improves their ability to anticipate and solve problems and forms a therapeutic alliance. Response. Mischler & Waxler (1968) found significant differences in the way mothers spoke to their schizophrenic daughters compared to their normal daughters, which suggests that dysfunctional communication may be a result of living with the schizophrenic rather than the cause of the disorder. The modern understanding of diathesis-stress is slightly different. Melzer (2012) concluded that Clozapine is effective in 30-50% of cases where other drugs have failed, supporting its use in schizophrenia treatment. The ICD-10 (only negative symptoms need to be present) is used worldwide and the DSM-5 (only positive symptoms need to be present) is used in America. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. There is other evidence to support difficult family relationships in childhood are associated with increased risk of schizophrenia in adulthood. Holistic Identifies that patients have different triggers, genes etc. Preconscious thought (thought that occurs without awareness) contains a huge amount of information from our senses that would normally be filtered. The therapist wins the trust of the patient, so they can work together. Family, twin and adoption studies must be considered cautiously because they are retrospective, and diagnosis may be biased by knowledge that other family members who may have been diagnosed. found 108 separate genetic variations were associated with increased risk of schizophrenia. Book now . AQA maintains that 16-mark questions, or indeed, extended writing questions of other tariffs, could be asked on any part of any topic. Reliability is the level of agreement on the diagnosis by different psychiatrists across time and cultures; stability of diagnosis over time given no change in symptoms. Abstract. This suggests that biological factors predispose someone to schizophrenia, but this has to be triggered by some sort of experience or stressor. Schizophrenia: Drug Therapy - A Level Psychology AQA Revision - Study When desired behavior is displayed eg. The original dopamine hypothesis stated that schizophrenia suffered from an excessive amount of dopamine. Where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the . Interactionist Approach: Definition, Evaluation & Example - StudySmarter US Comorbidity refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. (2004): Adopted children from families with schizophrenia had more chance of developing the illness than children from normal families. LS23 6AD For the classification system to be reliable, differfent clinicians using the same system (e.g. Last chance to attend a Grade Booster cinema workshop before the exams. Voices are usually heard coming from outside the persons head giving instructions on how to behave. Jack's experiences can be linked to the family dysfunction explanation. Is it the cognitive deficits which causes the schizophrenic behavior or is the schizophrenia that causes the cognitive deficits? PDF (Total 16 marks) - Psych205 These symptoms may leave them fearful and withdrawn. Gender bias is also an issue as the mother tends to be blamed the most, which means such research is highly socially sensitive. With these particular questions there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions, and then write about the wrong thing. Zubin and Spring suggest that a person may be born with a predisposition towards schizophrenia which is then triggered by stress in everyday life. Since the mid-1950s antipsychotic medications have greatly improved treatment. Explain how family dysfunction might be involved in schizophrenia. There are also delusions of being paranoid, worrying that people are out to get them. Concordance rates are never 100% which suggests that environmental factors must also play a role in the development of SZ. Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness where contact with reality and insight are impaired, an example of psychosis. Most importantly, families can make the schizophrenic feel loved, accepted and valued. Recovery may be due to psychological factors The placebo effect is when patients symptoms are reduced because they believe that it should.