A school health assessment is a systematic collection, review, and analysis of information about school health-related policies and programs for the purpose of improving students' health and educational outcomes. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. Meta-analysis results indicated a statistically significant effect on the before-after change in caries prevalence [25]. Interventions with evidence for effectiveness addressed autism, depression, anxiety, obesity, dental caries, visual acuity, asthma, and sleep. Schools offer a unique platform for health care delivery. Second, the ability of overviews to make valid and accurate conclusions is dependent upon the accuracy, rigor, and inclusiveness of the SRs themselves. Valentina Baltag, Julia Levinson, (2019). The same two reviewers screened the full text of all the potentially or probably eligible articles using a ranked list of the inclusion criteria (S1 Appendix). They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Now, as both schools and health care systems seek to ensure that children coping with chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma get the comprehensive, coordinated care the students need, the schools and health systems are forming partnerships to better integrate their services. This overview shows that the current SR literature does address mental health, specifically mood disorders. The digital versions of patients' paper charts promise extensive benefits for personalized, safe and reliable medical care and treatment. Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometrics and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany, Affiliation: Schools in states or districts with assessment requirements might find it beneficial to add parts of another assessment tool process to enhance their work. If school health services are to truly improve the health of children and adolescents, they must comprehensively address the most pressing problems of this population. For students with chronic health conditions, school nurses and other health care providers play a large role in the daily management of their conditions. They found statistically significant improvements in self-reported measures of anxiety for participants who completed the program as compared to those in the control group [32]. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, WHO guideline on school health services: Web Annex A. Compendium, WHO guideline on The AMSTAR 2 checklist [17] was used to appraise quality of included SRs. However, these results did not persist at follow-up [20]. A health book contains the names of students/Pupils who brings complains to the clinic, . This overview measured overlap using the corrected covered area (CCA) [16] and did not exclude overlapping studies. Although at least 102 countries have school health services, there is no rigorous, evidence-based guidance on which school health services are effective and should be implemented in schools. There is potential to analyze this data at both the individual and population level to understand the links between health and education as well as the links between health interventions and outcomes. Reasons for exclusion were selected from the ranked list. The school sends you reports that tell you how your child is doing in school and what the school is doing for him. The primary objective of this overview was to explore the effectiveness of school-based or school-linked health services delivered by a health provider for improving the health of school-age children and adolescents. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Risk of bias across SRs was determined using Ballard and Montgomerys four-item checklist for overviews of SRs [13]. An index publication is the first appearance of a primary study within an overview. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Table D. Classification of primary studies within included systematic reviews for use in corrected covered area calculation. Furthermore, this overview exposes a mismatch between the SR literature on effectiveness of school health services and the actual school health services that are most commonly delivered. PRISMA flowchart showing reasons for exclusion of potential systematic reviews. However, all included primary studies were delivered in HIC [26]. School health assessments give schools a snapshot in time of programs and policies that address student and staff health. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. The National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH 2016-2017) estimated that over 22 million U.S. school-aged children are living with one or two or more health conditions, 11 million have special health care needs, and 7.5 million are not receiving needed care coordination (Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative, 2016-2017).With school-aged children spending an average of 180 . CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Records are being kept on students who are well (screening, immunization, and episodic health room care); and students with chronic health conditions (emergency care planning; daily treatment and response data for students with conditions such as asthma; severe allergies; seizure disorders; and Type I Diabetes). This document replaces the School Nurse Role in Electronic School Health Records (January 2014). This document was followed throughout the review process and is available in S1 Appendix. The Advantages of Digitizing School Health Records Digitalization of documents is becoming more popular. e0212603. CCAs can be interpreted as indicating slight, moderate, high or very high overlap with scores of 05, 610, 1115, or >15, respectively [16]. school district county sch yr grade special health problems/parent concerns: quick reference: physical exam: k/1 6 11 3 7 . Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. You can review and change the way we collect information below. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. To be included in this overview, at least 50% of studies within each SR had to fulfill all inclusion criteria. Web Annex B. In addition, both the Healthy School Report Card and the Healthy Schools Inventory may be used to collect data for evaluation.Are there requirements to use a school health assessment?Yes, in some states and districts. If consensus was not possible during title/abstract or full text screening, a third reviewer (DR), who had the casting vote, would have been asked to independently screen the article. I am Tim Stephens. Table B. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. However, they did not assess risk of bias or appraise the quality of included studies [31]. The 20 SRs covered eight health areas: nine on mental health [19,23,24,28,29,3234,36], four on oral health [18,25,27,30], two on asthma [31,37], and one SR each on sleep [20]; obesity [26]; vision [21]; menstrual management [22]; and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) [35]. More research should be done to identify the content and methods of deliver that make some oral health education interventions more effective than others. In addition, school health data provides the potential to determine the most effective interventions to support the well being of children. Further, no SRs evaluated comprehensive or multi-component school health services. Every business we know is rapidly moving away from paper, as proven by online transactions, grocery stores, doctor's offices, gas stations, and airlines. Meta-analysis of the six studies showed statistically significant short-term benefits for weekday sleep time, weekend sleep time, and mood [20]. That marked the highest percentage since at least 1968, the earliest year for which the CDC has online records. Schroeder and colleagues reviewed the effectiveness of obesity treatment and prevention interventions that specifically involved a school nurse (Table 3D) [26]. However, in the studies included in both Gold and colleagues and McDonald and Dreys SRs, the numbers of participants per intervention group were very small: 410 and 1225 per study, respectively, introducing possibility of bias [23,33]. The Secondary Education Commission has recommended the maintenance of cumulative record of each pupil by the class teachers. Electronic health records: An essential tool in keeping students healthy (Position Statement). This was never required as consensus was always reached. It provides useful information on the progress and development made within the school. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: We take your privacy seriously. While other pillars of Health Promoting Schools have relevant guidance documents, guidance on school health services is limited and not explicitly evidence-based. While various guidance documents have been published by United Nations (UN) organizations addressing a range of services from oral health to malaria [37], there is no internationally accepted guideline regarding school health services. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Finally, meta-analysis by Werner-Seidler and colleagues of 81 RCTs on the effectiveness of depression and anxiety prevention and group therapy programs found small yet statistically significant effect sizes in favor of the intervention groups for both depression and anxiety as compared to control groups [28]. School health will be fully integrated into the greater healthcare system to provide a holistic, child-centered, health system. Finally, creative therapy interventions seem to be effective for indicated populations of school-age children, such as children with autism spectrum disorder [23,33]. More than half of included SRs analyzed mental health and oral health interventions, and no SRs were found that assessed other relevant health areas, such as vaccinations, communicable diseases, injuries, etc. Children as young as eight are among dozens injured by a missile barrage fired at Pavlohrad; Russia has built some of the 'most extensive defences in the world' as its leaders fear a major . Funding issues. State and local stakeholders are encouraged to use other data, such as youth behavior surveys and public health surveillance, to identify which health risks have the greatest impact on students. CDC twenty four seven. The authors found improvements in classroom behavior, symptoms of ODD, and symptoms of SAD [33]. Schools are the only institution regularly reaching the majority of school-age children and adolescents across the globe. First, an overview is unlikely to include the latest evidence if recent primary studies have not yet been included in SRs. PubMed, Web of Science, ERIC, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically. One of the central questions of this overview was whether the school health services that are regularly delivered across the globe are evidence-based. This lag may preclude the ability for an overview to truly reflect current knowledge [13]. In 2000, WHO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Bank developed a partnership for Focusing Resources on Effective School Healtha FRESH Start approach [2]. Educational interventions had mixed effects. Here are the product of records till keepand why they're important. WHO has long recognized the link between healthand education and the potential for schools to playa central role in safeguarding student health andwell-being. The school nurse will be an integral member of a child's larger healthcare team, assuring implementation of the plan of care and providing timely information from the school health record about student response to care. Among those approaches, pairing children with health services occupies an important place. c. schools are access sites for students to receive increased and improved care, which might not be adequately received elsewhere d. Most schools rely upon grant funding and other financial aid to cover the implementation costs, but this often involves stringent requirements. We are also grateful for advice from the WHO school health services guideline Steering Group and Guideline Development Group members. However, there was no risk of bias assessment in this SR and therefore the results must be interpreted cautiously. health record explaining the purpose of school health records, services offered by school health personnel, and the desirability of periodic health examinations. In contrast with Gold and colleagues [23], this SR by Sullivan and Simonson found negative effects from music therapy interventions [36]. Building on a method suggested by Shea and colleagues [17], grades of confidence in the results of each SR were generated based on critical flaws and non-critical weaknesses. Meaningful use (MU) of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is an important development in the safety and security of health care delivery in the United States. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Finally, the overview aimed to identify the health areas and specific school health services interventions for which no SRs were found, whether because the primary literature does not exist or where there are primary studies but no SR has been conducted. These SRs contained 270 primary studies, 225 of which were unique and 45 were included in more than one SR. It was also designed to suggest further research in areas where recent systematic reviews (SRs) exist, but with insufficient evidence. Although overviews offer a comprehensive method for synthesizing evidence, they also come with important methodological limitations. The records that school nurses keep in their daily care of over 95% of U.S. school-aged children provide an important window into child health in our nation. Saving Lives, Protecting People, School Health Index: A Self-Assessment and Planning Guide, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviors and Academic Grades, Tobacco Product Use Behaviors and Academic Grades, Other Health Behaviors and Academic Grades, Characteristics of an Effective Curriculum, Tips for Promoting School Employee Wellness, Physical Education Curriculum Analysis Tool, Health Education Curriculum Analysis Tool (HECAT), Body Mass Index (BMI) Measurement in Schools, Inclusive School Physical Education and Physical Activity, Physical Activity Before and After School, What School Nutrition Professionals Need to Know About COVID-19, Modifying School Spaces During Mealtimes to Reduce Spread of COVID-19, Supporting Students with Chronic Health Conditions in School-Based OST Programs, Healthy and Supportive School Environments, Strategies to Create a Healthy and Supportive School Environment, Strategies to Help Parents and Families Create Healthy and Supportive School Environments, How Families Can Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Toolkit for Schools: Engaging Parents to Support Student Health and Emotional Well-being, Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), School Health Policies and Practices Study (SHPPS), e-Learning Series: Training Tools for Healthy Schools, Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program, Guide to Evaluating Professional Development, Understanding the Training of Trainers Model, Professional Development Follow-Up Support, How to Build a Training Cadre: A Step-by-Step Process, Guide to Promoting Professional Development, Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child (WSCC), Encourage healthy eating in school and at home, Dental Sealants Can Improve Students Oral Health, Give Your Kids a Healthy Body and Mind This Summer, Engaging Parents to Promote Healthy Schools, Funded Nongovernmental Organizations for Healthy Schools, BAM! In the remaining twelve SRs, 50% to 74% of included studies fulfilled all the inclusion criteria [19,20,2225,28,31,32,3436]. Given the wide reach of schools and the fact that school health services already exist in most countries, international guidelines are needed to clarify whether school health services can be effective, and if so, which interventions should and should not be included. High overlap can contribute to biased results [15]. The details of the quality appraisal of primary studies included in the SRs are given in Table B in S4 Appendix. . Can these assessments be used for data in school improvement planning processes at the state or local level?Yes. NASN2023 Early Rate Countdown Clock - Deadline Extended to May 15th! Outcomes across studies differed, but the authors noted trends toward improvement in menstruation knowledge, management practices, psychosocial outcomes, and school attendance. SRs were included in this overview if at least 50% of the studies within the SR fulfilled the following criteria: (a) participants were children (ages 59) or adolescents (ages 1019) enrolled in schools; (b) interventions were school-based or school-linked health services, involved a health provider (see definitions in S1 Appendix), and were of any duration or length of follow-up; (c) intervention effectiveness was compared to either no intervention, an alternative intervention, the same intervention in a different setting (i.e. school health services Copyright 2022 webdev. It is likely that some interventions may have the same or perhaps an even better level of effectiveness when delivered by non-health providers, such as a teacher, as compared to when delivered by health providers. Retain all of your child's school accounts can help you see trends and patterns over time.