www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_natdis_lesson03_activity3, Search curriculum by Common Core standards, Natural Disasters: Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Tornadoes & More. NCEI launched publicly on April 22, 2015. Thanks for your feedback! For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". After that, each MMI value was plotted against the corresponding calculated PGA, as shown in Figure 2. Do you agree with this alignment? Some walls may fall. As a result, five isoseismal maps were contributed and published [7,8]. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. IX. It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Understand how a community could use the Mercalli Scale. Knoxville, TN: "Books fell off upper shelves of the school library. To this end, based on the published probabilistic seismic hazard map of the Yangon area, central Myanmar ([13], the maps were evaluated by using the strong ground-motion attenuation relationship of Boore et al. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. <> These data are necessary for earthquake hazard assessments and mitigation efforts. 2015-04-22T00:00:00 -NOAA created the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) by merging Landslides. (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motion. the last several hundred years. Also, by typing "1" into any field in the "Energy release equivalent" section, you can check what's the equivalent magnitude for a chosen energy release event for example, one Nagasaki bomb released the energy of a 6.1 magnitude earthquake! WebThe database provides information on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, injuries, houses destroyed, and Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. Motions up to an intensity VIII+ in the MM Scale can be. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. You may want to check this video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center illustrating the incredible differences between different historical earthquakes. The Significant Earthquake Database is a global listing of over 5,700 earthquakes Persons walk unsteadily. The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . Not felt. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. 0338326. Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. Using one arm, cover your head and neck. Do you know that the shockwave originated from the detonation of the Tsar Bomba circled the world three times, touching at the antipodal point of the explosion and "bouncing" back? the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. and damage. Hanging objects quivering. any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Damage nearly total. . The Mercalli Scale is based on observable earthquake damage. VIII. Sleepers awaken. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. Doors swing, open, close. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. ", 17. Because the entire range of observed effects is not capable of simple quantitative definition, the strength of the shaking is commonly estimated by reference to intensity scales that describe the effects in qualitative terms. The different symbols used in Figure 2 distinguish the MMI-PGA data obtained from individual isoseismal maps. Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. [14], as shown in Equation (1). Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. ", 12. Wholesale destruction. The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale provides scientists with a method to quantify the shaking generated by an earthquake, as experienced at any point at the earths surface. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. (Grade There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. Giant Wave Characteristics and Causes, Survive That Tsunami! May feel like a heavy truck passing by. This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. These range from imperceptible shaking to catastrophic At each location assign II. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. Large rock masses displaced. ", 4. Fall of plaster, loose bricks, stones, tiles, cornices. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Landslides. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a technology, engineering or math (STEM) educational standards. The scale now generally employed in North America is the Mercalli scale, as modified by Harry O. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. Suggest a house or building that has been damaged by an earthquake or a picture of the Earth shaking. to Present (1979). Limestone facing stone falling off of the Geology Building killed two students trying to escape from the building. Small objects moved. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately XII. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. 5), Develop and communicate an evidence based scientific explanation around one or more factors that change Earth's surface However, it is recognized that there is a significant level of uncertainty in estimating ground motions (i.e., PGA) from the existing isoseismal maps by this process. To know more about this fascinating topic, make sure to check out this excellent video by IRIS Earthquake Science Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? WSU Press, Seattle. Ground cracked noticeably. Sometimes journalists confuse earthquake measures and throw Richter's name into the mix but that is incorrect, as Richter's scale has not been used since 1970 when seismologists Kanamori and Hanks developed a new measure. Bloomington, IN 47405-7101 (1958) Elementary seismology. failure of the data to function on a particular system. Lines of sight and level distorted. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. Felt by a few people, especially on the upper floors. severe damage to poorly built structures. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. Check what you could have accomplished if you get out of your social media bubble. the United States is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (Answer: the damage left by an earthquake) Today we will learn more about this scale. endobj or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. A strong groundmotion database including 34 moderate to large earthquakes is used along with the corresponding modified Mercalli Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. Kramer, S.L. By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? Some dishes, windows broken. The uncertainties in the variables used in the damage estimation should also be discussed. In this study, the previously reported isoseismal maps are compiled and used to carefully investigate the macroseismic intensity in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on the engineering ground-motion parameter, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), inferred from the ground-motion attenuation characteristic of Myanmar. Nowadays, the moment magnitude scale is the most commonly used system. [4]. VII. Underground pipelines completely out of service. 5), Represent and interpret data. Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. ", 16. Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum. Common Alerting Protocol In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. Instruct students to illustrate each page to describe the destruction of each level of earthquake based on the 12 point Mercalli Scale. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. The preliminary relationship between the MMI and PGA is reported to be a function of log10(PGA) = 0.2526MMI 3.1006. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x Earthquakes aren't the only phenomena whose magnitudes are expressed using a logarithmic scale this is also the case for cyclones. on observed effects. In comparison with these, the MMI-PGA relationship for Myanmar reported here illustrates that in the same engineering ground-motion level, that is the same PGA level, the MMI of Myanmar is reported at a lower level than those for the other region until level V. Figure 2. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog The series of MMI-PGA data are distinguished by different symbols and the numbers correspond to the isoseismal maps in Figure 1. Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. Rails bent greatly. Earthquakes in the Midwestern and Eastern United States?! Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! Modified Mercalli scale of earthquake intensity, Observation and interpretation of precursory phenomena, Exploration of the Earths interior with seismic waves, 6 of the Worlds Deadliest Natural Disasters. 5), 3 sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. ;f:3+f*yZReIxRu3V>5?}k~&K7/E*y Little damage in specially built structures. II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. Twisting, fall of chimneys, factory stacks, monuments, towers, elevated tanks. The database provides information That's because the first approximations are based on body-wave and surface-wave scales, as the calculation of the moment magnitude is more complicated. Difficult to stand. W.H. Centers for Environmental Information, Climate During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. of the MMI scale (i.e., felt by nearly everyone; many awakened. Play with the tool to contemplate and admire Mother Earth's natural strength, or scroll down to read about the most powerful earthquakes the world has ever seen. Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. Some walls may fall. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. If you're interested in the latest earthquakes in your region or only the most recent earthquakes (as they are happening all the time! Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. A fun and Note that the scale is based on vibration experienced at a particular site. To calculate the moment magnitude, seismologists need to know the seismic moment, M0M_0M0: The seismic moment is found by multiplication of three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip: \mu Shear modulus of the rocks (dyne/cm2), which is the rock's resistance to bending (rock rigidity). fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. Medvedev, S.V. The aforementioned catalog was an expansion of Commerce, ICSU-WDS > International Council for Science - World Data System. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Homepege, http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html. Unstable objects overturned. Can you think of any examples? the Mercalli Scale (From Walker, 1982). ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. In order not to be biased by this effect, the Modified Mercalli scale attempts to allow for varying effects on different types of construction. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Thanks for your feedback! NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. Shabestari, K.T. Detailed Description. Wholesale destruction. and Brady, A.G. (1975) On the correlation of seismic intensity scales with the peaks of recorded strong ground motion. Furniture moves or overturns. While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable This relationship, if substantiated, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination for earthquake ground shaking posed in or nearby to Myanmar. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet of Commerce, Under development - data is currently in the process of being created. Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. Landslides. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. Felt by almost everyone, wakes many. Global Significant Earthquake Database. and Fumal, T.E. Slight to moderate damage in well built, ordinary structures. put into trial operation in Ankara, Turkey. Total damage. Wide cracks in ground. Class Discussion: As a class, have students engage in open discussion. Boore, D.M., Joyner, W.B. A modified version of his scale is still in use today. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? List of major earthquake events in Myanmar and adjacent area that had been reported the macroseismic intensity in term of isoseismal maps. Counts toward Master of Disaster badge. Thereafter, the obtained mean PGA is plotted against the MMI. ", 22. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. The Seismology Research Centre is a division of, Rarely felt, usually only on top floors of high buildings, Windows, dishes, doors rattle. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. Landslides. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. effects. and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 653. Pendulum clocks may stop). Liquids are disturbed, some spilled. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. Difficult to stand. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. Remember that for each unit increase in magnitude: So, for example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 releases over 1000 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. John Wiley, New York. Does the booklet make sense? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. Large landslides. | Parts 1 & 2before tackling this challenge! Pendulum clocks may stop. %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. from publication: Damage Observations Following the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikoura Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. With the advent of current instrumental seismology, the correlation between the felt macroseismic intensity with engineering groundmotion parameters has become a topic of increasing interest. Serious damage to reservoirs. ", 3. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. WebThe above documentation is transcluded from Template:MMI/doc. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively).