To promote community policing and trust within the department and community I have facilitated education programs that develop character, empower leadership and improve competence. The more trustworthy a government, the more likely its citizens will agree to the necessary, though often painful, adjustments that are needed to weather shocks.61, This dynamic has been especially evident in the public health domain. Matt Kunkel | June 24, 2021. In short, they must try to build resilience. Taken as a whole, the trend toward resilience as a policy objective is a positive one. We faced challenges head-on and worked through them together, always keeping our shared purpose in mind. Community policing/trust actions should be incorporated as part of daily operations. One way to achieve this is through providing transparency to the customers about the risks around the critical processes. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability: Message from the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State. Paths C (C1 and C2) represent the direct links from social capital to collective action. Projecting out to the coming decades, the quality and choices of political leadership in specific developing countries are among the most consequential characteristics of all in shaping countries prospects of adaptability and resilience in the face of future shocks. I have found success with the integration of these initiatives and the guardian philosophy of policing in both departmental cultural change and building community trust. Admit when you are wrong and forgive mistakes. Another area of commonality is the universal desire for safety, security and a basic quality of life as an individual and for our families. High-quality political leadership is also deeply consequential: whatever governance-related strengths a country may have, it is often political leadership that determines whether or not these assets are channeled into an effective crisis response. I believe our youth are the common glue that bonds all segments of our society. Web8 (g) Grants Program. WARD is changing. Youth programs which include ongoing positive interactions with police officers help build interpersonal and societal trust. Trust is also an essential component of resilience. This is the case in India, where a recent law restricting foreign contributions prevented nongovernmental organizations from buying lifesaving equipment during the coronavirus pandemic.48 In the Gambia, by contrast, a recent opening of civic space is facilitating local organizations crisis response during the pandemic-related economic downturn.49. Ultimately, cyber resilience is the only way to guarantee true Zero Trust. Trusting relationships between the police and the public enhances both community and officer safety, makes law enforcement more effective, and contributes to the overall quality of life. These countries will need to respond to compounding shocks across multiple domains, without the head start that their developed-world counterparts enjoy. All of these pillars are interdependent. A resilient journey drawn on a map might look like a squiggly line, full of pit stops, redirections, loop the loops and cul de sacs, eventually moving towards a planned-for destination. Still other characteristicsincluding whether a country is a democracy or an authoritarian political systemdo not appear have a clear-cut effect on resilience. Active participation by police commanders in Community Relations Boards and Interfaith Councils are excellent opportunities to establish and build long term high trust relationships. By enabling identification, workflows, and above all transparency around the extended ecosystem, such tools can play a massive role in transforming a resilience program, ensuring that the organization can plan for the best but be prepared for the worst of any event. This paper surveys the evidence. It is built through collaborative efforts and involvement towards synergistic and positive solutions to common concerns. Could a Long-Ruling Party Fall in Paraguay? . Second, it is a more attainable framing than previous aspirations to fix failed states. The explorer, junior police academies and other youth leadership programs not only build vital leadership skills for our youth but also provides developmental opportunities for law enforcement officers, as trainers, supervisors, coaches, and mentors. 83 For example, selected GFA partners include Guinea, which has undergone a recent coup, and Togo, which has a highly repressive government. She slowly accepts help and learns to trust a few precious people who help her see and reflect on what she has experienced. More from Susan Ward: Its not all about Covid catch-up -pupils need to feel safe and listened to. Community working for community has never been more important than now; building and repairing community trust has never been more essential to the well-being of our nation. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1426906_file_Fukuyama_What_Is_Governance.pdf, https://gsdrc.org/document-library/putting-citizens-at-the-centre-linking-states-and-societies-for-responsive-governance, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219651563298568286/pdf/Rwanda-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic.pdf, https://futureofdevelopment.undp.org/content/fod/en/home/our-products/covid-19-and-the-need-for-dynamic-state-capabilities.html. Research suggests that partial democracies affected by deep elite factionalism are thirty times as likely to face instability than consolidated, unified democracies.41 In political contexts where decisions are viewed as zero-sum and various parts of the state are run by different factions, manipulating the state itself becomes a mechanism for gaining and maintaining power, often to the detriment of state resilience. Through it all, our trust and resilience were key to our success. Check your email for details on your request. How close is Scotland to meeting target for minority-ethnic teachers. Building a relationship with customers is vital for a GRC professional, said Emily: We believe in being transparent with our customers. We want them to feel they have confidence in what we do, and to me, that is the difference between trust and security.. Web10 Strategies to Increase Trust in Your Group 1. STOCKHOLM, April 28 (Reuters) - Last month's turmoil in the banking sector barely affected European Union lenders but there Multiple studies, whether on climate change mitigation, response to the coronavirus pandemic, or otherwise, have shown no clear relationship between regime type and performance.20 Each system has attributes that could conceivably benefit them: Democracies tend to be more transparent, better able to self-correct, more accountable, and more meritocratic, all of which should lend themselves to better crisis response. Though capturing these twin objectives makes for a less catchy slogan than resilience alone, it is this more nuanced strategy that holds immense potential in helping prepare for the next catastrophe. To build trust and honesty, leaders must facilitate this process and encourage people to admit fears or relationship challenges and canvass the team for 4 (October 2019): 715744, https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.37. Through collaborative efforts such as risk assessment, planning, training, mitigation, and other resilience activitiesthe community can best make aging in place, friendly. For a rich overview of literature on resilience across multiple disciplines, see Patrick Martin-Breen and J. Marty Anderies, Resilience: A Literature Review, Bellagio Initiative: Institute of Development Studies, Resource Alliance, and Rockefeller Foundation, November 2011, https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/3692/Bellagio-Rockefeller%20bp.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. WebCall 0300 303 4434. Scottish Tories call for teacher pay differentiation in core subjects, Study finds no crisis in Scottish teacher education, Scotlands next childrens commissioner to be appointed. 8734, February 2019, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31266?locale-attribute=en. WebThe aim of the ward phone cards was to prompt patients to return on time. 53 Vanda Felbab-Brown, The Key Trends to Watch This Year on Nonstate Armed Actors, Brookings Institution, January 15, 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/01/15/the-key-trends-to-watch-this-year-on-nonstate-armed-actors. 3 (September 1, 2020): 195199, https://doi.org/10.1177/0160323X20984524. Thomas Carothers and Andrew ODonohue (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2019). The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced a seismic shift in the way GRC "Action without knowledge is useless & knowledge without action is futile," (Abu Bakr). 62 Qing Han, Bang Zheng, Mioara Cristea, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J Blanger, Ben Gtzkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, and N. Pontus Leander, Trust in Government Regarding COVID-19 and Its Associations with Preventive Health Behaviour and Prosocial Behaviour during the Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study, Psychological Medicine, March 26, 2021, 111, http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721001306. For the purposes of this paper, resilience at the national level can be understood as a countrys capacity to respond to, adapt to, and grow from stresses and shocks.9 Resilience focuses on bolstering the overall performance of a system in the face of unpredictable and often interconnected hazards, making it different from risk management, which relates to specific hazards.10 A countrys resilience depends on the internal characteristics that allow for states and their institutions to navigate a variety of disruptions.11. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2018.1425275. Even before the pandemic, the world within which organizations operated had become more interrelated than ever before. At the most basic level, states need capacityan ability to synthesize information, connect observations to government action, and effectively operationalize those actionsin order to successfully respond to shocks.12 Citizens reliance on the state often becomes more acute during times of crisis. In many cases, decentralization can empower government officials to respond more effectively to shocks, because it allows for local innovation and adaptation. 50 Gilbert Khadiagala, Persistent Ethnic Polarization in Kenya, in Democracies Divided: The Global Challenge of Political Polarization, ed. In closing I will acknowledge that these initiatives are not without challenge, and require significant and ongoing effort. You can update your choices at any time in your settings. Consistent participation allows for proactive identification of emerging concerns, and quick action to mitigate concerns before they escalate into major problems. Consequently, Zero-Trust Architectures provide better opportunities to detect attacks on a supply chain. 13 Francis Fukuyama, What is Governance?, Center for Global Development Working Paper no. 10 For more on resilience across multiple disciplines, as well as on measuring resilience, see Patrick Martin-Breen and J. Marty Anderies, Resilience: A Literature Review.. People at their lowest ebb often keep going, or at least appear to on the surface.. Effective response to many crises requires coordination across local administrations; this, in turn, either requires empowered national-level leadership or incurs high coordination costs. Causes of Resilience Some people are Bolstering anti-corruption efforts is equally important, as corruption undermines resilience for at least three discrete reasons: by eroding a governments will to act in responding to crisis, by undermining its ability to act, and by decreasing public trust in the government. 58 Margaret Levi, A State of Trust, in Trust and Governance, ed. Through collaborative efforts such as The picture is complex. 1 (2010): 190208, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1531942. !n4bHL [)p ZkE&uv'8qn1H2"lz+Z*BT{l"c21em$lSL*:e&hE B+s$ec)"~l8D!%BFdD,ZM8)W=vItpAyJOYd'qRw{6JRV,"zKXR| h@+. All in all, its not a bad message for a Netflix Officers are again working with the community in positive and proactive activities such as training, planning and preparedness for critical incidents. That need for trust extends to employees as well. Carnegie does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of Carnegie, its staff, or its trustees. Having a state that is highly effective in one areafor example, implementing taxationdoes not necessarily predict effectiveness in other domains, like emergency service provision. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/03/interim-national-security-strategic-guidance. The four main types of resilience are physical resilience, mental resilience, emotional resilience, and social resilience. The remarkable durability of some governmentssuch as the Maduro regime in Venezuela, or the Assad regime in Syriaare cases in point. What looks like determination and a dogged desire to not give up can actually be a symptom of being scraped clean of energy and inspiration, an ability to bob back up to the surface because you simply dont know what else to do., A phrase I have heard a lot recently is that we must keep on keeping on. These LSI include control of severe bleeding and opening of the airway, which are known to be the key requirements to maximise patient survival in the early stages of injury. Resilience is a reactive state of mind created by exposure to suffering. It means taking stock, acknowledging where you are, deciding what to do next and then doing it -then taking stock again. Indeed, sometimes giving up is the most resilient thing you can do. Dr. Frances Z. https://ap9.mercycorps.org/en-gb/research-resources/clash-of-contagions-impact-covid-19-conflict. The relationship between trust and health system resilience is thus recognized as mutually reinforcing: trust is key to building a resilient health system, while a strong health system is key to fostering trust. Inclusion of youth leadership on community advisory boards provides perspective from a significant population of society, provides youth the chance to be heard and understood, and to be part of a cause greater than self. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00701-w. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30301-6. http://ti-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Ignored-Pandemic-Behind-COVID-19-the-impact-of-corruption-on-healthcare.pdf. The goal of Houstons Neighborhood 64 Qing Han, Bang Zheng, Mioara Cristea, Maximilian Agostini, Jocelyn J Blanger, Ben Gtzkow, Jannis Kreienkamp, and N. Pontus Leander, Trust in Government Regarding COVID-19 and Its Associations with Preventive Health Behaviour and Prosocial Behaviour during the Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Study.. I have found that working on positive programs with our youth is an excellent opportunity to bridge the gaps between various segments of communities and law enforcement. As discussed above, democracy has not proven to uniformly correlate with better crisis response or adaptability. To learn more about how LogicGates Risk Cloud can help you build operational resilience and trust at your organization, visit logicgate.com or request a demo. These ideas were embedded in Vietnams coronavirus response, for example, where local, regional, and national authorities understood their respective responsibilities, innovated interventions, and coordinated vertically and horizontally to implement measures as conditions dictated.32 Over the first year of the pandemic, Vietnam had one of the lowest coronavirus infection rates in the world.33 By contrast, some scholars argue that in India, an overly centralized approach reportedly disempowered federal states from taking necessary interventions, increasing response times and sowing confusion about who was in charge.34, On the other hand, bureaucratic decentralization does not always increase state resilience. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) notes that it is the ability of individuals, communities and states and their institutions to absorb and recover from shocks, whilst positively adapting and transforming their structures and means for living in the face of long-term changes and uncertainty. See What Does Resilience Mean for Donors? How to Restore Trust & Build Resilience with the Five Elements Though this transparency is normatively a good thing, this may undermine state resilience in the immediate term. Training and Education, 6. 14 Nicholas Benequista, Putting Citizens at the Centre: Linking States and Societies for Responsive Governance, prepared for the DFID Conference on The Politics of Poverty, Elites, Citizens and States, June 2123, 2010, Sunningdale, UK, https://gsdrc.org/document-library/putting-citizens-at-the-centre-linking-states-and-societies-for-responsive-governance. Enhancing Community Resilience & Building Trust Resilient Communities are environs where cooperation is rooted in trust. Trauma:What teachers need to know about trauma. It is the first annual review that combines discussion of the adequacy of the resources of the Funds Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) and debt relief trusts, including the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT), with that of the Resilience and This complexity indicates a broader question raised by the policy focus on resilience: for most policymakers, a resilience that benefits only part of the population is not a normatively desirable policy goal. Stephen M.R. 4 For example, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, which produces a biannual flagship report on states of fragility, in its 2016 report shifted to define fragility as based upon an exposure to risk and a state or systems capacity to manage, absorb, or mitigate those risks. See Wendy MacClinchy and Rachel Scott, Overview: Violence, Fragility, and Finance, in States of Fragility 2016: Understanding Violence (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016), 22, https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/states-of-fragility-2016_9789264267213-en#:~:text=States%20of%20Fragility%202016%20places,should%20be%20done%20about%20it.&text=This%20chapter%20begins%20with%20an,its%20scope%2C%20impact%20and%20cost. It is the first annual review that combines discussion of the adequacy of the resources of the Funds Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT) and debt relief trusts, including the Catastrophe Containment and Relief Trust (CCRT), with that of the Resilience and True resilience means knowing when to give up, Have you seen that new Netflix show yet? The ability of a police department to accomplish its mission is absolutely dependent upon the level of support they receive from their community. WebThe resilience work outlined in Executive Order JBE 2020-19 has been named the Adaptive Governance Initiative because it represents an effort to identify the ways in which The majority of governance-related characteristics do not have a straightforward impact on a states resilience. In his first term, current President Adama Barrow intensely pursued agreements with external donors to support economic development and build infrastructure, which will presumably serve his country well in future crisis response; in contrast, his predecessor Yahya Jammehs abuses and kleptocratic misrule led donors to limit partnerships.78 That said, a leaders ability to pursue donor partnerships does not automatically mean quality political leadership, and it thus does not automatically yield resilience for her or (usually) his country. First, it offers a more specific strategic objective than conversations around state fragility writ large, which have often been too broad to generate concrete policy responses. Additionally to ensure a more holistic perspective I have enlisted the help of several community and public safety leaders, from diverse backgrounds,with whom I have collaborated with in the pursuit of holistic and synergistic solutions to community/ societal problems The need to build, and/or repair community trust and police credibility cannot be overstated, particularly in the face of todays environment of negative scripting and polarizing events. Officer Wellness and Safety. That is, total effect = A*B + C. Below, this section profiles several governance characteristics that affect resiliencestate capacity, regime type, institutional memory, decentralization, elite cohesion and political inclusivity, and presence of civil society and nonstate actorsto examine their complex impacts. Parita Shah. Mindfulness. If leaders govern in a deliberately polarizing manneras during the COVID-19 crisis in Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines, Tanzania, Turkey, and elsewherepolitics are likely to become more confrontational and increasingly divided, further exacerbating the impact of shocks.77. 22 Thomas Carothers and David Wong, Authoritarian Weaknesses and the Pandemic, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, August 11, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/08/11/authoritarian-weaknesses-and-pandemic-pub-82452. https://hhi.harvard.edu/publications/review-peer-reviewed-published-research-corruption-and-disasters. The need for resilience will be especially acute in developing and fragile states. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. In Maid, we see a young woman fall then wearily rise, again and again, dusting off the latest trauma to befall her little family and repeatedly pushing forward. Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability: Message from the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State, April 2022, https://www.state.gov/stability-strategy; and United States Strategy to Prevent Conflict and Promote Stability, U.S. Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development, U.S. Department of Defense, and U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2020, 6, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-US-Strategy-to-Prevent-Conflict-and-Promote-Stabilit-508c-508.pdf. In the policy arena, the chorus to build resilience in fragile and developing states has become loud and almost ubiquitous. 16 Rwanda: Systematic Country Diagnostic, World Bank, June 2019, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/219651563298568286/pdf/Rwanda-Systematic-Country-Diagnostic.pdf. Unsurprisingly, if a states bureaucracy is professionalized, well-resourced, and low on corruption, then it is likely to be effective in responding to crises; if not, then it is likely to fall victim to ineffectual outcomes, among other negative effects.13 Institutionalized mechanisms for incorporating citizen feedback are key to improving response capacity; in most contexts, citizen engagement on state initiatives yields improved outcomes, especially in areas like health, education, water, and infrastructure.14 In the Philippines, for example, a fractious, disconnected, and dysfunctional bureaucracymade worse by weak rule of law and high levels of corruptionhas made it difficult to implement policies in response to the countrys rising crime crisis.15 In contrast, Rwandas well-resourced bureaucracy rests on a streamlined, educated civil service with low levels of corruption, and it consequently has seen improved performance on issues like poverty reduction, economic planning, and public health responses.16. On inclusive-enough coalitions, see World Bank Group, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security and Development, 2011, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/4389. 67 Enrico Calossi, Salvatore Sberna, and Alberto Vannucci, Disasters and Corruption, Corruption as Disaster, in International Disaster Response Law, ed. The Maduro regime example earlier, or the case of President Bashar al-Assads regime in Syria, demonstrate a common scenario: a political ruling elite maintains resilience, and the organs of the state largely endure in diminished form, but the vast majority of the population suffers. 68Daniela Cepeda Cuadrado, The Ignored Pandemic Behind Covid-19: The Impact of Corruption on Healthcare Service Delivery, Transparency International, December 2020, http://ti-health.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-Ignored-Pandemic-Behind-COVID-19-the-impact-of-corruption-on-healthcare.pdf. A teachers ability to plough on through difficulties is overrated to be resilient you must know when to take a pause, says Susan Ward, https://www.tes.com/magazine/news/general/true-resilience-means-knowing-when-give, Unlimited access to all Tes magazine content, Middle management in a Scottish school: 5 things to know, How a sense of wonder drives learning, Ofsted crisis: Heads back call to halt inspector work, Plan for a range of teacher pay levels, schools told, Parents support for teacher strike softens, Jean Gross: How school has to change for disadvantaged pupils to thrive, Heads and teachers to plan for joint strikes, How were making flexible working a reality for all staff, Why every ITT trainee should have to go to special school or AP. But a countrys governance and political institutions generally undergird all other dynamics in determining how effectively that state can bounce back from setbacks. Trust Resilience and COVID-19 Surge Plan 6th October 2020 The South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust (SEHSCT) Resilience Plan outlines initiatives which may be required temporarily to help respond to additional demand pressures arising during Winter 2020/2021 and / or through any subsequent waves of COVID-19 Pandemic. From health emergencies that also upend economies to trade disruptions that also pose new multilateral diplomatic dilemmas, the pandemic has generated challenges that seem exceptional in both scale and degree of interconnection. 39 Johannes Gerschewski, The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-Optation in Autocratic Regimes, Democratization 20, no. Finally private public partnerships (P3s) including businesses, schools, public safety agencies, healthcare, transportation and NGOs in critical infrastructure protection task force operations are critical to community resilience and enhances community trust and confidence. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! 26 Marguerite Massinga Loemb, Akhona Tshangela, Stephanie J. Salyer, Jay K. Varma, Ahmed E. Ogwell Ouma, and John N. Nkengasong, COVID-19 in Africa: The Spread and Response, Nature Medicine 26, no. In many ways, it enables resilience: when faced with shocks, a states resilience is often contingent on the abilityand the willof elites to band together and uphold the norms and institutions of governance. I have found these initiatives to support the Guardian philosophy of policing and promote community trust. Its called Maid and if you havent seen it, you really must. https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Melton%20-%20Written%20Testimony.pdf. To learn more about how, Resilience Beyond Business Continuity Planning. 1. 36 Karuti Kanyinga, Devolution and the New Politics of Development in Kenya, African Studies Review 59, no. The past decades leadership changes in the Gambia vividly demonstrate this point. And this is the real lesson about resilience. Building Trust and Legitimacy, 2. To create confidence, a degree of trust must be built and maintained in every relationship. Susan Ward isheadteacher at Kingsland Primary School in Peebles, in the Scottish Borders. Thomas Carothers and Andrew ODonohue (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2020), https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/08/18/mounting-majoritarianism-and-political-polarization-in-india-pub-82434. Programs that aim to support local-level resilience, or resilience of the most vulnerable, should not be seen as a means to delay much-needed structural reforms. It is built through repeated acts of character, competence and compassion. This call to bolster countries resilience is hardly new. 3 (December 2016): 155167, http://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2016.85. Washington, DC 20036-2103. Read how these elements can help you adapt to change. This website may not be up to date. 54 A Clash of Contagions: The Impact of COVID-19 on Conflict in Afghanistan, Colombia, and Nigeria. Mercy Corps, June 28, 2021, 86, https://ap9.mercycorps.org/en-gb/research-resources/clash-of-contagions-impact-covid-19-conflict. Two broad approaches to trust can be identified as underpinning engagements with the concept in this context. To trust someone in this way is often to rely on, count on, depend on, or even believe in them. This not only builds trust but demonstrates a commitment to high-quality service and serves to create delighted customers and strengthen the relationship. But calls to build resilience at the community level need nuance, too. 8 Ashraf Ghani and Clare Lockhart, Fixing Failed States: A Framework for Rebuilding a Fractured World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Now is the time for resilient organizations to not just bounce back but to bounce forward to a more effective and efficient new normal. Dr. Martin Luther King referred to as, the beloved community. If this were true, authoritarian systems would clearly have an edge in their ability to augment resilience capabilities over the long run. WebResilience community planning seeks to build the capacity of a community to prepare for, withstand, and recover from shocks and stresses. 4 (2012): 869889, https://www.jstor.org/stable/23326923. 76 E. Gyimah-Boadi, Institutional Resources for Overcoming Africas COVID-19 Crisis and Enhancing Prospects for Post-pandemic Reconstruction, Brookings Institution, January 2021, https://www.brookings.edu/essay/good-governance-building-trust-between-people-and-their-leaders. For this discussion I will focus on building community trust, police credibility and legitimacy through Community Policing, and enhancing community resilience. WebTrust Risk Management Services, Inc. is a Program Administrator managing insurance programs for professional individuals, groups, and associations. Axe Dagger Mace Pistol Scepter 8 (July 1, 2014): 11581185, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013488563; and Poowin Bunyavejchewin, and Ketsarin Sirichuanjun, How Regime Type and Governance Quality Affect Policy Responses to COVID-19: A Preliminary Analysis, Heliyon 7, no.