If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. Southerners, in contrast, were quiet, gentle, thoughtful, and given on occasion to "flights of genius" (p. 406). Confederates feared the Emancipation Proclamation would lead to slave uprisings, an occurrence which even northerners did not desire. What did Southern apologists believe about slavery? Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves? Palmer also argues that the slaves are better off with slavery, in part because of their own nature: "We know better than others that every attribute of their character fits them for dependence and servitude. Tobacco A major reason for the weaker hold of slavery in the upper South was the. 72, No. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. The economic argument, however, failed to address the exploitative nature of slavery. New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. White, Henry Alexander. They believed that slavery was a good thing and it provided some sort of elegant lifestyle for white elites. 1830s President of Mexico. Consequently, many Northerners remained unwilling to adopt abolitionist policy and were distrustful of abolitionist extremism. Rather, they note that the master-slave relationship has existed since the beginning of humanityand, that as long as masters understand their obligation to slaves (including the provision of spiritual sustenance), the system is overall an acceptable one. were plantation owners directly involved with the slaves? This he did, convinced that the response he got was "sufficient proof that I have spoken to the heart of this community" (Palmer 1860, p. 2). Home University Of South Dakota What Did The Confederate Constitution Say About Slavery? Moreover, many prominent Southern ministers made special efforts to provide religious instruction to slaves, whether in church or on their own plantations. This belief illustrated the importance of the states rights argument to the southern states. I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! Abolitionists were a divided group. By the necessary course of events, if left to themselves, we must become, finally, two people. Between 1945 and 1969, archaeologists hurriedly surveyed over 20,000 prehistorical sites before the Mississippi River Basin was flooded by dams. //]]>. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. White southerners responded by putting forth arguments in defense of slavery, their way of life, and their honor. The roots of the crisis over slavery that gripped the nation in 18601861 go back to the nations founding. moving blacks back to africa/repatriation. "The Difference in Race between Northern and Southern People." This outcome was in part the result of different forms of church government; all three of these churches were organized into dioceses (or synods, in the case of the Lutherans) that were largely defined by territory; thus extreme abolitionist and proslavery views did not meet at the national level in these bodies. Tennessee Historical Quarterly, Vol. In the 1840s and 50s, Northerners and Southerners took increasingly adamant stands on the question of permitting or outlawing slavery in new Western territories, a matter with the potential to alter the regional balance of power in the country. Why was slavery the most important cause of the Civil War? 1845 portrait by George Alexander Healy, defended states rights, especially the right of the southern states to protect slavery from a hostile northern majority. B. (Palmer 1860, p. 8). In the case of the Episcopalians, several Southern dioceses seceded to form the Episcopal Church, C.S.A. In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. However, the date of retrieval is often important. White southerners reacted strongly to abolitionists attacks on slavery. Which description best describes the "task" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? Tolbert County, Maryland Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Founder of Texas. . Thirty-nine days after Lincoln's inauguration, the first shots were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina, which marked the onset of the U.S. Civil War. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. How were language and music important in the life of slaves? where were the majority of the free blacks? A second and, to the clergy who espoused it, more compelling argument in favor of slavery is that they believed slaves benefited from the system that controlled their lives. If a former slave could not prove he or she had been legally freed, then he or she was likely to be. Sold tons of land to newcomers. 1830s. D. They wanted a gradual end to slavery in the South. Terms in this set (50) The Confederate Constitution stated that each state was independent but must guarantee the gradual end of slavery in Confederate territory. Compare his condition with the tenants of the poor houses in the more civilized portions of Europelook at the sick, and the old and infirm slave, on one hand, in the midst of his family and friends, under the kind superintending care of his master and mistress, andcompare it with the forlorn and wretched condition of the pauper in the poorhouse. Southern apologists claimed the master-slave relationship was more humane than employer-worker relationships because. A common explanation is that the Civil War was fought over the moral issue of slavery. Gallagher, Gary W., and Alan T. Nolan, eds. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1994. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes See how American abolitionists, such as Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, and Thomas Garrett, helped enslaved persons escape to freedom, Learn how the work of Frederick Douglass still matters today, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Southern defense of the peculiar institution, The History of Slavery in North America Quiz, Slavery and Resistance Through History Quiz, raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry. Why America's Battle Lines Matter | The New Republic Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society. From the 1820s until the start of the U.S. Civil War, abolitionists called on the federal government to prohibit the ownership of people in the Southern states. Who profited most from the union of slavery and cotton production? Washington Irving, The Slavery Issue: Western Politics and the Compromise of 1850, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, Preserving the Institution of Slavery: An Overview. . In 1859 an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown raided the federal armoury in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now in West Virginia), in an attempt to initiate an armed rebellion of enslaved persons. Escaped from slavery to become one of the most "Remember the Alamo". In 1874, for instance, the Southern Methodists General Convention reaffirmed their attitudes and actions in the antebellum period, historian Elizabeth L. Jemison writes in her exploration of proslavery Christianity after Emancipation. How then can the hand of violence be laid upon it without involving our existence? JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. how did other states react to Virginia's 1831 and 1832 policies? They often accompanied their parents and were cared for by older children. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of, The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of, large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. SOUTH, THE Farmer, James O., Jr. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1999. Is Uc San Diego The Same As University Of San Diego? Johnson, Thomas Cary. Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. concurrent majority:a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority, polygenism:the idea that Black people and White people come from different origins. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. What were the main ideas of the Confederate Constitution? The master occupies towards him the place of parent or guardian. Despite his assurances that he would take no action against slavery where it existed, Lincoln was labeled an "abolitionist" by many Southern leaders. About the American Prison Newspapers Collection, Submissions: American Prison Newspapers Collection. . From the early 1830s until the end of the Civil War in 1865, Garrison was the abolitionists' most dedicated campaigner. Why did southern states secede over slavery? A slave is usually acquired by purchase and legally described as chattel, Opposition to slavery in British North America began in the late seventeenth century but was limited mostly to a minority of Quakers and a few Purita, Woolman, John Which identifies a major contradiction in the attitudes of southern yeoman farmers? Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Published in 1994 If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. . . One of the most prominent Southern Presbyterian preachers of the time, James Henley Thornwell (18121862), pointedly referred to the conflict at hand as being "not merely [between] abolitionists and slaveholdersthey are atheists, socialists, communists, red republicans, jacobins [the radical party in the French Revolution, responsible for the Reign of Terror of 17931794] on the one side, and the friends of order and regulated freedom on the other" (Farmer 1999, p. 11). See also slavery. Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. . one quarter of white southerners owned slaves. It is odious to make comparison; but I appeal to all sides whether the South is not equal in virtue, intelligence, patriotism, courage, disinterestedness, and all the high qualities which adorn our nature. Leader of the army that wiped out the Texans who were defending the Alamo. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a "positive good" because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. . In fact, the churches in many communities were biracial; although the slaves and their white masters did not mix with each other socially within the church, both worshipped there together (Boles 1994, p. 46). . The Antebellum South What did Southern apologists believe about slavery quizlet? Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. Extolling "our faith that the negro is one blood with us," Thornwell goes on to admit that slavery itself may not be a perfect system: "Slavery is a part of the curse which sin has introduced into the world and stands in the same general relation to Christianity as poverty, sickness, disease and death. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. Southern Pro-Slavery Arguments | United States History I - Lumen Learning The seceding states made their motives clear in many ways. It illustrates southern leaders intense suspicion of democratic majorities and their ability to effect legislation that would challenge southern interests. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country in blood . . Boles, John B. If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. How Did Southerners Justify Secession? - Reference.com A key issue was states rights. Slave owners believed they helped enslaved people by providing food, shelter, and clothing while relieving them of responsibility. I have seen them rock to and fro under the influence of their feelings, like a wood in a storm. The Virginian George Fitzhugh contributed to the defense of slavery with his book Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society (1854). Such a tariff, he and others concluded, would disproportionately harm the South, which relied heavily on imports, and benefit the North, which would receive protections for its manufacturing centers. Abolition did poorly at the polls. On March 3, 1861, the day before President Abraham Lincoln's inauguration, General Winfield Scott proposed four alternatives for dealing with the secession crisis. The typical great planter of the pre-Civil War South was. White southerners in the 1830s began portraying free blacks as savages because they were trying to. Texans were wiped out by Mexican forces. All rights reserved. I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. When the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), embodying the principle of popular sovereignty, opened Kansas and Nebraska to slaveryland that had long been reserved for the westward expansion of the free statesNortherners began to organize themselves into an antislavery political party, called in some states the Anti-Nebraska Democratic Party and in others the Peoples Party but in most places the Republican Party. 1836 Battle between Texans and Mexicans in San Antonio. What hearty handshakings after the service. Not confined to a single church, early antislavery sentiment was common among Mennonites, Quakers, Presbyterians, Baptists, Amish, and other practitioners of Protestant denominations. . The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Get your fix of JSTOR Dailys best stories in your inbox each Thursday. Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. During the Second Seminole War of 1835-1842. many escaped slaves hiding in Florida fought with the Native Americans against U.S. soldiers. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. What basic premise underlies his ideas? APUSH Chapter 16 Flashcards | Quizlet This 1857 illustration by an advocate of polygenism indicates that the Negro occupies a place between the Greeks and chimpanzees. Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. Fitzhughs ideas exemplified southern notions of paternalism. In making their defense of slavery, they critiqued wage labor in the North. The practice took hold in the English colonies in North America, too. The condition of society in the South exempts us from the disorders and dangers resulting from this conflict; and which explains why it is that the political condition of the slaveholding States has been so much more stable and quiet than that of the North. Others felt that slaves were too irresponsible to try to live on their own. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. By 1838, the split between the two factions had grown so strong that there were in effect two Presbyterian churches in the United States. Does South Dakota State University Have A Medical School? Abolition and the Abolitionists - National Geographic Society 1830s. Wilson, Charles Reagan. The threat of an armed revolt alarmed Americans on both sides of the debate over slavery. Economists and business leaders did this by pointing out that the agricultural South needed the labor provided by slaves. It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. Powerful southerners like South Carolinian John C. Calhounhighlighted laws like the Tariff of 1828 as evidence of the Norths desire to destroy the southern economy and, by extension, its culture. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. few did because of the competition with slave labor, a former slave/the Barber of Natchez who owned slaves and property, no, they were prohibited from working in certain occupations and testifying against whites in court; they could be sold back into slavery; some states forbid their entrance, most forbid them from voting, and some forbid them from public schools, no, Congress outlawed it in 1808, but thousands were smuggled in. what did the federal government do in 1835 about abolitionist material? Affluent plantation owners thought that the middle class society in the north was terrible. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? John Adger (18101899), who preached in a Presbyterian church in Charleston, South Carolina, served as a missionary in what are now Turkey and Armenia for a dozen years; he returned to the United States in 1846 and wished to return to his missionary work. Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. Southern states seceded from the union in order to protect their states rights, the institution of slavery, and disagreements over tariffs. Girardeau served as a Confederate chaplain during the war; after the war ended, his former slave congregants, now free men and women, implored him to "come back to preach to them as of old" (White 1911, p. 304). Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. In Europe, the first significant efforts to ban human trafficking and abolish forced labor emerged in the 18th century. he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. Sold tons of land to newcomers. 6 (June 1860): 401409. did non-slaveowning southern whites support slavery? As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim itand the sooner it is known the better. New York: Viking, 2006. She or he will best know the preferred format. Once again, the status of slavery in the territories became a hot issue. Why did many yeoman farmers feel resentment toward rich planters, yet still support the institution of slavery? After Emancipation, some Southern Protestants refused to revise their proslavery views. being unable to own or operate small businesses. . window.__mirage2 = {petok:"fnEDtBydh4cCYOf_hqpynad7Vzo8opegdVfoKL6amBI-86400-0"}; How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. Slaves were told that their masters would protect them, giving them a safe home and access to their own church communities. Slaves worked at their own pace with little supervision during an eight-hour day. did many southerners own large numbers of slaves? what did the Virginia legislature do about slavery in 1831 and 1832? Need I pause to show how this system of servitude underlies and supports our material interests; that our wealth consists in our lands and in the serfs who till them; that from the nature of our products they can only be cultivated by labor which must be controlled in order to be certain; that any other than a tropical race must faint and wither beneath a tropical sun? Moderates believed that slavery should be phased out gradually, in order to ensure the economy of the Southern states would not collapse. what did American abolitionists do in 1833? How Antebellum Christians Justified Slavery - JSTOR Daily The enthusiasm with which slaves embraced Christianity was in part a result of their desire to find a faith that they could embrace in a new landand that would embrace them. Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they, they wanted to be slaveholders themselves. They argued that the Industrial Revolution had brought about a new type of slaverywage slaveryand that this form of slavery was far worse than the slave labor used on southern plantations. mandated by the United States Constitution. How long would slavery have lasted if the South won? Edited by Giles Gunn, SOUTH, THE what happened to those who smuggled in African slaves? Southern proslavery arguments did NOT include the belief that slavery was. The Southern clergy who accommodated slavery did so for two main reasons. Do American Freshmen Have To Live On Campus? The cover of the Saturday, April 23, 1831 edition of The Liberator, a Boston, Massachusetts, abolitionist newspaper. This belief arose primarily from the widespread conviction that slaves could not take care of themselves if left to their own devices. . They argued that slaves lived in better conditions than factory workers. Be it good or bad, [slavery] has grown up with our society and institutions, and is so interwoven with them that to destroy it would be to destroy us as a people. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. Never before has the Black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually. This is important because it shows that slaves were always considered property and could not escape to the North. I appeal to facts. It was limited in circulation but was still the focus of intense public debate. Stout, Harry S. Upon the Altar of the Nation: A Moral History of the Civil War. The Confederate constitution explicitly guaranteed slave property in both the states and in any newly acquired territory. In their minds, slavery had been divinely sanctioned. John Brown: Brown was a radical abolitionist who organized various raids and uprisings, including an infamous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. John C. Calhoun, shown here in a ca. In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? yes, they dreamed of becoming rich and owning slaves, and their pride in their race would be diluted if the slaves were freed, independent small farmers in the Appalachians who owned no slaves and supported the Union. Our negroes are not only better off as to physical comfort than free laborers, but their moral condition is better. How did the Confederates view slavery during the war? Canaan, Ham's son, was made a slave to his brothers . At the other end of the abolitionist spectrum and in between stood such men and women as Theodore Weld, James Gillespie Birney, Gerrit Smith, Theodore Parker, Julia Ward Howe, Lewis Tappan, Salmon P. Chase, and Lydia Maria Child, all of whom represented a variety of stances, all more conciliatory than Garrisons. At one end of its spectrum was William Lloyd Garrison, an "immediatist," the founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society (1833-70), who denounced not only slavery but also the Constitution of the United States for tolerating the evil. He published Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society in 1854, in which he laid out what he believed to be the benefits of slavery to both the enslaved persons and society as a whole. Harriet Tubman: Tubman was a fugitive enslaved person. How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? American abolitionism laboured under the handicap that it threatened the harmony of North and South in the Union, and it also ran counter to the U.S. Constitution, which left the question of slavery to the individual states.