[283][284], Outside the former Soviet Union, the largest source of incoming immigrants in Ukraine's post-independence period was from four Asian countries, namely China, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Ukraine's fighter pilots are vastly outnumbered by the Russians, and have become legendary - thanks in part to the story of an alleged flying ace called the "Ghost of Kyiv". was asked in the 2003 sociological survey, the Kyivans' answers were distributed as follows: 'mostly Russian': 52percent, 'both Russian and Ukrainian in equal measure': 32percent, 'mostly Ukrainian': 14percent, 'exclusively Ukrainian': 4.3percent..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}"What language is spoken in Ukraine?". 2006 July - Socialist Party abandons Orange Revolution allies to form coalition with Viktor Yanukovych's Party of Regions and the Communists. To some, Ukraine has become the geopolitical faultline between the liberal democraticWest and authoritarian, neo-imperial Russia under President Vladimir Putin. A pro-Russian insurgency in the east by the cities of Donetsk and Luhansk, Ukraine's industrial heartland, is ongoing, despite numerous attempts at ceasefires. To the east there are the south-western spurs of the Central Russian Upland over which runs the border with Russia. . The short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic and Hutsul Republic also failed to join the rest of Ukraine. Meanwhile, modern-day Bukovina was occupied by Romania and Carpathian Ruthenia was admitted to Czechoslovakia as an autonomous region. , . ' . Among the Ukrainians who greatly influenced the Russian Orthodox Church in this period were Stephen Yavorsky, Feofan Prokopovich and Dimitry of Rostov. Ukraine has a 1,729 miles long shoreline. Small minority populations included: Belarusians (0.6%), Moldovans (0.5%), Crimean Tatars (0.5%), Bulgarians (0.4%), Hungarians (0.3%), Romanians (0.3%), Poles (0.3%), Jews (0.3%), Armenians (0.2%), Greeks (0.2%) and Tatars (0.2%). 2019 October - Ukraine becomes embroiled US impeachment row over allegations of President Trump attempting to put pressure on the country over investigating possible Democrat president rival Joe Biden. The eastern provinces were additionally impacted by a famine in 1921.[84][85]. Read More. [171] The largest nuclear power plant in Europe, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, is in Ukraine. Forthe past year, Ukraine has been plunged into chaos. [298] According to the Council of Europe, this act fails to achieve fair protection of the linguistic rights of minorities. [31][32] By 4,500 BC, the Neolithic CucuteniTrypillia culture was flourishing in wide areas of modern Ukraine, including Trypillia and the entire Dnieper-Dniester region. After a lot of bloodshed -- and other battles with Poland -- the Bolsheviks emerged triumphant, and officially declared the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic in 1922. During his term as head of the Soviet Union, Crimea was transferred from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR, formally as a friendship gift to Ukraine and for economic reasons. By 1988 the number of higher education institutions increased to 146 with over 850,000 students. [97], German armies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, initiating nearly four years of total war. Ukraine produces 18% of the world's sunflower seed, safflower or cottonseed oil exports; 13% of corn production; 12% of global barley exports; and 8% of wheat and meslin. 2018 October - The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople agrees to allow Ukraine to set up its own Orthodox Church independent of Russian ecclesiastical supervision. [13], After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Ukraine inherited a 780,000-man military force on its territory, equipped with the third-largest nuclear weapons arsenal in the world. [124] The situation was worsened by a famine in 19461947, which was caused by a drought and the wartime destruction of infrastructure, killing at least tens of thousands of people. [7]:183184 In the 1830s, Mykola Kostomarov and his Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius in Kyiv started to use the name Ukrainians. Under the pressures of Polonisation, many landed gentry of Ruthenia converted to Catholicism and joined the circles of the Polish nobility; others joined the newly created Ruthenian Uniate Church. ", "What do you need to know about the healthcare reform in Ukraine? As members of the collective farms were sometimes not allowed to receive any grain until unrealistic quotas were met, millions starved to death in a famine known as the Holodomor or the "Great Famine", which was recognized by some countries as an act of genocide perpetrated by Joseph Stalin and other Soviet notables. On 26 April 1986, however, a reactor in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant exploded, resulting in the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. As of September 2018, he is ranked as the world's best active boxer, pound for pound, by ESPN. [393] The brothers Vitali and Wladimir Klitschko are former heavyweight world champions who held multiple world titles throughout their careers. 1. Habsburg-run Galicia, acquired during the partitions of Poland, becomes a centre for Ukrainian political and cultural activity, as Russia bans the use of the Ukrainian language on its own territory. Weaving with handmade looms is still practised in the village of Krupove, situated in Rivne Oblast. ", "Why Ukraine Isn't 'The Ukraine,' And Why That Matters Now", " 6694 [1186] - 6698 [1190]. These include initial roots which were established in the state of Kievan Rus'. . [44] The state soon fragmented as the relative importance of regional powers rose again. [207] One day later, he stated "We can no longer disgrace our country with such a court system. : 7 . False and misleading information about the Russian invasion of Ukraine has spread rapidly on social media since Russian forces launched a military assault in the pre-dawn hours of Feb . [citation needed] Other than near the newly discovered coal fields of the Donbas, and in some larger cities such as Odesa and Kyiv, Ukraine largely remained an agricultural and resource extraction economy. During the 1920s,[90] under the Ukrainisation policy pursued by the national Communist leadership of Mykola Skrypnyk, Soviet leadership at first encouraged a national renaissance in Ukrainian culture and language. 1 2, . From prehistoric times, migration and settlement patterns in the territories of present-day Ukraine varied fundamentally along the lines of three geographic zones. [52] In the western territories, the principalities of Halych and Volhynia had arisen earlier, and were merged together to form the Principality of GaliciaVolhynia. Ukraine said Russian bombs severely damaged a maternity and children's hospital complex in the besieged city of Mariupol on Wednesday, killing at least three people including a child and wounding . The "fascism"of these Ukrainian guerrillas is still a source of controversy now. [129] This represented the final extension of Ukrainian territory and formed the basis for the internationally recognized borders of Ukraine to this day. The name has been used in a variety of ways since the 12th century, referring to numerous lands on the border between Poland and Kievan Rus' or its successor states, and specifically for Ukrainian-inhabited lands from the 16th. Ukraine has a long history of what a Poynter fact-check called an "extended tug-of-war over religion, language and political control" with Russia, but starting in 1917 when the Russian empire . a..mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}^ Among the Ukrainians that rose to the highest offices in the Russian Empire were Aleksey Razumovsky, Alexander Bezborodko and Ivan Paskevich. Independence. The codex was written in the East Slavic version of Church Slavonic language. Collectivization was part of the first five-year plan and was enforced by regular troops and the secret police known as Cheka. Since the mid-1960s, Western-influenced pop music has been growing in popularity in Ukraine. Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? The main regulatory authority for the broadcast media is the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Council of Ukraine (NTRBCU), tasked with licensing media outlets and ensure their compliance with the law. [190], The Constitution of Ukraine was adopted and ratified at the 5th session of the Verkhovna Rada, the parliament of Ukraine, on 28 June 1996. A city's significance depends on several factors such as its population, socio-economic and historical importance and infrastructure. [101], Although the majority of Ukrainians fought in or alongside the Red Army and Soviet resistance,[102] in Western Ukraine an independent Ukrainian Insurgent Army movement arose (UPA, 1942). Retrieved 11 July 2008. g.^ Such writings were also the base for Russian and Belarusian literature. and was part of the Soviet Union. Since its independence in 1991, Ukraine has made many hard-earned gains, and tried to lose at least one little thing. Although a developing country it is the poorest country in Europe by nominal GDP per capita,[16] and corruption remains a significant issue. [271] Some energy infrastructure was destroyed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. [305][306] Today, most foreign films and TV programs, including Russian ones, are subtitled or dubbed in Ukrainian. The first major center of the "Rus" was at Kiev, established in the 9th century. [392] Since becoming the undisputed cruiserweight champion in 2018, Oleksandr Usyk has also gone on to win the unified WBA (Super), IBF, WBO and IBO heavyweight titles. [249], Ukraine is among the world's top agricultural producers and exporters and is often described as the "bread basket of Europe". [221] As of 2021, Ukraine was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024, in order to join the European Union in the 2030s,[222] however, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy requested that the country be admitted to the EU immediately. 2014 July - Pro-Russian forces shoot down Malaysian airliner over eastern Ukraine conflict zone, killing all 298 people on board. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Ukraine emerged as one many new independent post-Soviet states in 1991. 1941 - Ukraine suffers terrible wartime devastation as Nazis occupy the country until 1944. [38] During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Iranian-speaking Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Between the 7th and 9th centuries, the Ukrainian steppe formed part of the Turkic Khazar mercantile empire, which was centred on the lower Volga River. After the Russian Revolution in 19171921, there were the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian State, recognized in early 1918 as consisting of nine governorates of the former Russian Empire (without Taurida's Crimean Peninsula), plus Chelm and the southern part of Grodno Governorate. The state eventually disintegrated into rival regional powers and was ultimately destroyed by the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Historically, Specialist degree (usually 5 years) is still also granted; it was the only degree awarded by universities in Soviet times. Western diplomats called for political unity in Ukraine before the arrival of Poroshenko, who was president from 2014 until 2019. It was there in the mid-19th century where Ukrainian nationalismbegan to take hold, rooted in the traditions and dialects of the region's peasants and the aspirations of intellectuals who had fled the stifling rule of Russia rule further to the east. [243], In 2021, the average salary in Ukraine reached its highest level at almost 14,300 (US$525) per month. The National News Agency of Ukraine, Ukrinform was founded here in 1918. In the meantime, under the impact of Germanic migrations, the movement of Slavic tribes from their primordial homeland north of the Carpathians began in the 5th and 6th centuries. Artisan textile arts play an important role in Ukrainian culture,[377] especially in Ukrainian wedding traditions. And as Ukrainian soldiers beat back Russian invaders far to the south and the east, a different kind of fight has . , 1895, ., 1896; . All Ukraine's rivers freeze over in winter, limiting navigation. [174][175] Some regions lack adequate supplies of potable water. [122][bettersourceneeded] The Victory Day is celebrated as one of eleven Ukrainian national holidays. / [] / , / Historically, Soviet Ukraine joined the United Nations in 1945 as one of the original members following a Western compromise with the Soviet Union. [358] The culture of Ukraine has also been influenced by its eastern and western neighbours, reflected in its architecture, music and art. Putin also writes that Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians share a common heritagethe heritage of a realm known as Kievan Rus (862-1242), which was a loose medieval political federation located in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, and part of Russia. [179] Average annual temperatures range from 5.57C (41.944.6F) in the north, to 1113C (51.855.4F) in the south. This post was originally published on March 9, 2015, as part of a series and has been updated. [388], Kyiv dominates the media sector in Ukraine: National newspapers Den, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, tabloids, such as The Ukrainian Week or Focus, and television and radio are largely based there,[citation needed] although Lviv is also a significant national media centre. Citizens unable to speak Ukrainian or Russian may use their native language or the services of a translator. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on 13 March 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to Ukrainian BBC: " "), 16 (according to Korrespondent, Russian edition: " "), "more than 10" (according to Korrespondent, Ukrainian edition: " 193233 . [214], In 1992, Ukraine joined the then-Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (now the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)), and also became a member of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. By the end of the 10th century, the Kyivan domain covered a vast area from the edge of the open steppe in Ukraine as far north as Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin. Russia's unprovoked attack on Ukraine on February 24 2022 and the war that has ensued are part of the history of what happened in eastern Europe in the years following the cold war. Following Yaroslavs death, Kyiv entered a long period of decline, only briefly stemmed in the 12th century under Volodymyr II Monomakh (Vladimir II Monomakh). Following independence, Ukraine declared itself a neutral state. Ruslan Ponomariov is the former world champion. He takes office in May, and his Servant of the People party wins early parliamentary elections in July. 1441 - Crimean Khanate breaks free of the Golden Horde and conquers most of modern southern Ukraine. "This glory will open the way to still further and greater glory.". Ukraine was known as the breadbasket of the Soviet Union for its fertile fields of wheat. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [100] They blockaded the transport of food on the Dnieper River. Euroleague participant Budivelnyk Kyiv is the strongest professional basketball club in Ukraine. " ", . [13][14][15], Ukraine is a unitary state with a semi-presidential system. [77] Some of the Ukrainians settled in the Far East, too. Trade along this route was controlled by Varangian merchant-warriors, and from their ranks came the progenitors of the Kyivan princes, who were, however, soon Slavicized. [49], The landscape of Ukraine consists mostly of fertile steppes (plains with few trees) and plateaus, crossed by rivers such as the Dnieper (Dnipro), Seversky Donets, Dniester and the Southern Bug as they flow south into the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The patient will have the right to choose one. 1932 - Millions die in a man-made famine during Stalin's collectivisation campaign, known in Ukraine as the Holodomor. [44] According to the Primary Chronicle, the Rus' people initially consisted of Varangians from Scandinavia. [209][210] Previously all court proceedings had to be held in Ukrainian. The years that followed would be even more traumatic: in the late 1920s and early 1930s, Ukraine suffered heavily under the rule of Soviet despot Josef Stalin. - National | Globalnews.ca", "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe", "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century", "Press releases and reports - Religious self-identification of the population and attitude to the main Churches of Ukraine: June 2021 (kiis.com.ua)", "- 2019", "Medical Care in Ukraine. [94], Following the Invasion of Poland in September 1939, German and Soviet troops divided the territory of Poland. [103][104] Both organizations, the OUN and the UPA, supported the goal of an independent Ukrainian state on the territory with a Ukrainian ethnic majority. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. In late 2021 Russia began a military buildup along its border with Ukraine, and in February 2022 Russia invaded Ukraine. [295][296][297] In February 2019, the law allowing for official use of regional languages was found unconstitutional. Levels of Democracy (1992) A montage of rough video telling the story of the mass demonstrations that took place in Kyiv during the last years of perestroika and the first year of independence . All these were vigorously promoted by Yaroslav, who also promulgated a code of laws, the first in Slavdom. [105][106] These organized massacres were an attempt by the OUN to create a homogeneous Ukrainian state without a Polish minority living within its borders, and to prevent the post-war Polish state from asserting its sovereignty over areas that had been part of pre-war Poland. . Literary freedom grew in the late 1980s and early 1990s alongside the decline and collapse of the USSR and the reestablishment of Ukrainian independence in 1991. [375], After the union with the Tsardom of Russia, architecture in Ukraine began to develop in different directions, with many structures in the larger eastern, Russian-ruled area built in the styles of Russian architecture of that period, whilst the western region of Galicia developed under Polish and Austro-Hungarian architectural influences. Another mass protest movementthis one centred on Kyivs Maidan (Independence Square)toppled the government in 2014. Those who resisted were arrested and deported to gulags and work camps. In absolute figures . This feat made him one of only three boxers to have unified the cruiserweight world titles and become a world heavyweight champion. [79] Far Eastern areas with an ethnic Ukrainian population became known as Green Ukraine.[80]. 2000 - Chernobyl nuclear power plant is shut down, 14 years after the accident. Shortly thereafter, in March 2014, Crimea declared independence from Ukraine and was annexed by Russia. New cities were founded, most importantly Lviv; tradeespecially with Poland and Hungary, as well as Byzantiumbrought considerable prosperity; and culture flourished, with marked new influences from the West. Since the outbreak of war with Russia, Ukraine has continued to seek closer ties with the United States, European Union, and NATO. [115] The total losses inflicted upon the Ukrainian population during the war are estimated at 6 million,[116][117] including an estimated one and a half million Jews killed by the Einsatzgruppen,[118] sometimes with the help of local collaborators. [268] Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not. The Association Trio is a tripartite format for enhanced cooperation, coordination, and dialogue between the three countries (that have signed the Association Agreement with the EU) with the European Union on issues of common interest related to European integration, enhancing cooperation within the framework of the Eastern Partnership, and committing to the prospect of joining the European Union. A period of great migrations began with the descent of the Goths from the Baltic region into Ukraine about 200 ce. Omissions? Yanukovych, 71, was the fourth president of Ukraine who was overthrown during the 2014 . [173] Ukraine has many environmental issues. Ukrainian embroidery, weaving and lace-making are used in traditional folk dress and in traditional celebrations. During the Baroque period, music had a place of considerable importance in the curriculum of the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. [29], Settlement by modern humans in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains. Excerpt from Peresopnytsia Gospel (Matthew 19:1) (1556) where the word ukrainy corresponds to 'coasts' (KJV Bible) or 'region' (NIV Bible). The territory that largely coincides with modern Belarus, with Polotsk as the most important centre, was one such emerging region. [332], The Ukrainian higher education system comprises higher educational establishments, scientific and methodological facilities under national, municipal and self-governing bodies in charge of education. [149] Ukraine's economy in general underperformed since the time independence came due to pervasive corruption and mismanagement,[150] which, particularly in the 1990s, led to protests and organized strikes. [citation needed] It was also taken up by Volodymyr Antonovych and the Khlopomany ("peasant-lovers"), former Polish gentry in Eastern Ukraine, and later by the Ukrainophiles in Halychyna, including Ivan Franko. [54], In 1349, in the aftermath of the GaliciaVolhynia Wars, the region was partitioned between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Languages: Ukrainian (official), Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian, Belarusian, Bulgarian. [208], Law enforcement agencies are controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. On Ukrainian territory, in the southwestern part of Rus, Galicia-Volhynia emerged as the leading principality. Beneath the political divisions of the present lies a country's deep, complex past. [276] Key officials may use Starlink as backup. The East Slavs practiced agriculture and animal husbandry, engaged in such domestic industries as cloth making and ceramics, and built fortified settlements, many of which later developed into important commercial and political centres. While Belarusians share a distinct ethnic identity and language, they never previously enjoyed unity and political sovereignty, except . The land of Novgorod to its north was another. The Bolsheviks consolidated control over much of the former empire and established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which became a constituent republic of the Soviet Union when it was formed in 1922. Starting from the late 1920s and now with a centrally planned economy, Soviet Ukraine took part in an industrialisation scheme which quadrupled its industrial output during the 1930s. Russia's advance continued a century later, during the rule of Catherine the Great, who imagined her domains along the Black Sea constituted "Novorossiya," or "new Russia" -- a term revived by the pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. Currency: hryvnya. [370] In 1798, the modern era of the Ukrainian literary tradition began with Ivan Kotlyarevsky's publication of Eneida in the Ukrainian vernacular. Chess is a popular sport in Ukraine. The 24 oblasts and Crimea are subdivided into 136[235] raions (districts) and city municipalities of regional significance, or second-level administrative units. During the Middle Ages, Ukraine was the site of early Slavic expansion and the area later became a key centre of East Slavic culture under the state of Kievan Rus', which emerged in the 9th century. In the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Revolution of 1917, most of the Ukrainian region became a republic of the Soviet Union, though parts of western Ukraine were divided between Poland, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. The first wave of national revival is traditionally connected with the publication of the first part of "Eneyida" by Ivan Kotlyarevsky (1798). 19th century - National cultural reawakening sees the development of Ukrainian literature, education, and historical research. After the end of World War II, the Soviet Union claimed Lviv and its surrounding lands in Ukraine's west. KYIV, Ukraine Ukrainian forces advanced on the Russian-occupied city of Kherson in the south on Friday, and the two sides battled over smaller cities in the . [379] Use of colour is very important and has roots in Ukrainian folklore. The Axis initially advanced against desperate but unsuccessful efforts of the Red Army. [155] The first two presidents, Kravchuk and Leonid Kuchma, tended to balance the competing visions of Ukraine,[156] though Yushchenko and Yanukovych were generally pro-Western and pro-Russian, respectively. Near the Sea of Azov are the Donets Ridge and the Near Azov Upland. Ukraine International Airlines, is the flag carrier and the largest airline,[263] with its head office in Kyiv[264] and its main hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport. The national team made its debut in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual champions, Italy. Although there are still problems, the system is considered to have been much improved since Ukraine's independence in 1991. ", "Ukraine President Submits Bill Extending Martial Law Until Late April", "Ukrainian Parliament Extends Martial Law For 90 Days", "Prosecutors fail to solve biggest criminal cases", , "Kyiv Post. Tourism was the mainstay of Crimea's economy before a major fall in visitor numbers following the Russian annexation in 2014. These policies left Ukraine with hundreds of stadia, swimming pools, gymnasia and many other athletic facilities. The traditional Ukrainian diet includes chicken, pork, beef, fish and mushrooms. However, due to its death rate exceeding its birth rate, mass emigration, poor living conditions, and low-quality health care,[281][282] the total population decreased by 6.6 million, or 12.8% from the same year to 2014. [citation needed] Modern linguistic prescription in Russian dictates usage of na,[38] while earlier official Russian language have sometimes used 'v',[39] just like authours foundational to Russian national identity. Following the Christianization of Kievan Rus', Ukrainian architecture has been influenced by Byzantine architecture. For the past year, Ukraine has been plunged into chaos. When applied to the name (Ukraina), this can produce the form (Vkrayina), as in song lyric (Nai Vkraina vsia radiie, "Let all Ukraine rejoice!").[42]. Russian troops, many based in Sevastopol, fanned out across the peninsulalast March to aid what was ultimately Russia's annexation of the territory. [176] Air and water pollution affects the country, as well as deforestation, and radiation contamination in the northeast from the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant.