bush dog husbandry guidelines bush dog husbandry guidelines

Baby watch should begin approximately one week before the estimated due date. 44 0 obj <> endobj The mother carries the babies by the scruff of their necks for the first 50 days. In addition, data from only 3 of the 4 pairs during the 2nd phase were included in the analysis; Fl and Ml were excluded because of insufficient data due to death of Fl. Once the prey tires they tear it to pieces. Special housing accommodations are sometimes necessary for unusual species such as those with unique metabolic or genetic characteristics, or special behavioral and/or reproductive needs. The months of year that captive births occurred, the number of individual captive females that gave birth (n = 118), the number of litters produced (n = 325), and the number of pups bom (w = 1,104) are presented. A Mount was clearly distinguishable from a Copulatory Lock by the ability of the pair to move away from each other. Animals should be kept dry during these procedures. WebManuals This Husbandry Manual Register is in two parts; 1. 1998. Webbush stone-curlew husbandry manual. 1998. Life stages are defined by both age and breed characteristics for practical purposes. SafetyProviding a secure enclosure that addresses physical safety, fear, and stress;Food and waterProviding easy access to food and water;Biological needsMaintaining appropriate body temperature, permitting urination and defecation, ensuring timely waste removal, and, as appropriate, facilitating or preventing reproduction;CleanlinessKeeping animals dry and clean, depending on species requirements;RestraintAvoiding unnecessary physical restraint; andBehaviorEnsuring the animals' ability to engage in normal species behavior. Waste storage areas should be separate from animal housing areas and be kept free of vermin. RESPONSIBILITY Animal care staff, veterinary care staff, facility supervisors, Facilities Manager. Ferret bags, hammocks, buckets, and other small nocturnal sleeping spots are offered and removed to be washed on a weekly basis. Animals that produce levels of noise having the potential to cause stress should be housed separately. Search for other works by this author on: Zoo-Logic, LLC, 7216 Delfield Street, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA (DGK), Pubertythe first estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant beagles, The ovary and reproductive cycle of the dog, Guidelines for the capture, handling, and care of mammals as approved by the American Society of Mammalogists, Hormonal and experiential factors in the expression of social and parental behavior in canids, Evidence for induced ovulation in Channel Island gray foxes (, Canid reproductive biology: an integration of proximate mechanisms and ultimate causes, Measurement of steroids in animal feces with commercially available RIA kits intended for use in human serum, Evolution of large canids in South America, Anais II Congresso Latino-Americano de Paleontologia, Porto Alegre, Brazil, Ontogeny of social behaviour related to feeding in the crab-eating fox (. The 2nd estrous cycle without a confirmed Copulatory Lock (F1) had 4 possible Copulatory Locks and one of the highest number of Mounts (n = 329). We use a broom to sweep up any feces, food, paper from enrichment, etc. In a 2-year study of the bush dog (Speothos venaticus), a small canid from Central and South America, we examined the reproductive physiology of mature females and the effect of male presence on the incidence and timing of ovulation. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Females construct nests in which to give birth to and raise their offspring. Proper ventilation removes heat, dampness, odor, airborne microbes, and pollutant gases such as ammonia and carbon monoxide, while allowing for the introduction of fresh air. When a breeding pair has been introduced it is important to check the female for cycling on a regular basis. The first section is an index of Mammal Taxonomic Orders. Attend topical CE meetings on subjects including animal welfare, wellbeing, economics, and public policy. Thus, cycles of adult females housed alone or with a male show spontaneous estrus and an obligate pseudopregnancy after infertile ovulations and more closely resemble the typical canid cycle. WebThe AZA Husbandry guidelines for babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) Species Survival Plan, which were compiled in 2003 using information from babirusa holders and researchers from across Europe and America, have formed the backbone of A correlogram (Legendre and Legendre 1998) was generated for each female with each variable with male present and male absent. Two nest boxes are provided, including nest material (paper towel strips, paper strips, fleece squares, bamboo, mimosa or pine boughs). In all 4 females, the duration of the ongoing interestrous interval at the time of mate introduction was shorter than those without a male or than when a male was present before the 1st progestin increase. It is possible that because female bush dogs are not restricted to a fixed, single breeding season and have multiple cycles per year; male bush dogs may have continuous testosterone and sperm production as do male domestic dogs and dingoes (Canis lupus dingo) in temperate regions in Australia (Catling et al. Cages must be sanitized, using proper agents followed by thorough rinsing, before animals are placed in them. Mounts and successful Copulatory Locks, from 2 weeks before the initial increase to 2 weeks after the final decrease in fecal progestins. Other non-nest material enrichment can be provided as usual. They live in nocturnal rooms with a 12-hour light cycle. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine Mixed species have been successful when a compatible individual of the same species isn't available. 2002). Therefore, as reported in domestic dogs and most other canids (Anderson and Simpson 1973; Asa 1998; Concannon 1986; Jchle 1987), our results indicated that bush dogs are spontaneous and not induced ovulators. WebThe exhibit is structured by boulders, trunks, tall-growing grasses and evergreen shrubs to create an impression of the natural woodland habitat of bush dogs. Additional data are needed to evaluate seasonality in the male. At noon, when the white lights have gone out, we use a red light in the rooms for the keepers to see. endstream endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream If recirculating systems or other energy-recovery devices are used, these systems must be adequately maintained. The date that data collection ended for each pair is reported. disney songs with alliteration; does the fbi honor sealed state records; 40 50 90 triangle calculator; 1137 e california ave, glendale, ca. The dam should be weighed prior to the start of baby watch. 2003). Theres no better place to network, learn, and meet up with the friends and colleagues who make veterinary medicine so rewarding. The trend for an increase in baseline vulva index when the male was present (i.e., maximum value = 98 mm2) versus absent (i.e., maximum value male absent = 50 mm2) in this female suggested that the medical condition did not compromise these reproductive parameters. 1987; Velloso et al. Webwhere is the cullinan diamond support@missionbadlaav.com; clara schumann: piano trio in g minor program notes Menu. Husbandry Guidelines Natural History and Physical However, the duration of male interest as measured by Mounts where the pair can clearly separate was longer in this study, with male interest ending 13 days after the last Copulatory Lock, compared with previous behavioral studies that determined the duration of male interest to be between 8 and 23 days (Drwa 1983; Kitchener 1971; Kleiman 1968). Although small sample size prevented statistical comparisons, these observations suggest the male bush dog can have an immediate effect on at least the luteal phase of the female's reproductive cycle. It is difficult to interpret these resuhs because of insufficient comparative data for the preintroduction period. Confirmed plus possible Copulatory Locks (n = 5 estrous cycles) occurred an average 2.5 times per day for a period of receptivity that averaged 6 days. Conservation Status of Least Concern with stable population size. A Copulatory Lock was defined by the inability of the male and female to separate despite attempts to move away (Drwa 1982,1983; Kleiman 1972). 62 0 obj <>stream A. F.. Strahl S. D. Silva J. L. Goldstein I. R.. Velloso A. L. Wasser S. K. Monfort S. L. Dietz J. M.. Wallace R. B. Painter R. L. E. Saldania A.. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Stay current on important veterinary news, AVMA activities, and member services. Read the latest news about the AVMA and the veterinary profession, and search archives dating back to 2000. There was a decrease in the mean time interval between significant changes of both fecal progestins and vulva index when a male was present (nonparametric univariate autocorrelations correlograms; fecal progestins = 5.24.2 months, n = 3; and vulva index = 5.53.7 months, n = 3). A total of 13 sightings of infants, juveniles. The bushbabies are kept in rooms without shavings or any other sub straight that might prevent them from easily getting to their diet. Husbandry Manuals provide a wealth of best-practice information based on the collective experience of AZA facilities. Hormone assays.The noninvasive monitoring of hormones using feces was effective at determining fluctuations in fecal estrogens and fecal progestins in the study females (Fig. For males, there was a strong positive effect of female presence on fecal androgens (P = 0.0011). Staff should be familiar with the dynamics within home pen groups, in order to be able to change the groups if Performance should be monitored on a continual basis. Food must be available in amounts sufficient to provide for normal growth, and maintenance of normal body weight, reproduction, and lactation. Each phase consisted of a minimum of 1 year; however, health problems unrelated to the study required 2 females to be removed early (Table 2). Webbush dog husbandry guidelines designrs hub. Significance in the main effect with 4 measured variables (3 for females and 1 for males) was used to interpret the effect of male or female presence for the nonparametric Mantel univariate correlations. 1979; Hayssen et al. Correlations associated with male or female presence.We used 2 analyses to test whether there were any significant correlations (P 0.05) associated with male or female presence at 2 different levels: within the 3 female variables (fecal estrogens, fecal progestins, and vulva index) and between the male and female variables. Possible explanations for this difference include our use of continuous, 24-h videotaping before and after the time of female receptivity compared to only during the time immediately surrounding female receptivity in the other studies or potential effects of size or design of the enclosure. Water in birth cages should be provided in a small, shallow water bowl on a shelf above the nest box with just enough water to cover the bottom but not enough for infants to drown. Gum can be spread on branches, sticks, wood, coconut shells, paper, cardboard, etc. An emergency medical plan must be in place to provide appropriate and timely veterinary medical care for any animal who is injured, in distress, or showing signs of illness. Moreover, unlike many other nondomestic canids (Table 1), captive breeding records and behavioral research have shown that bush dog reproduction is not seasonal, that is, births occur throughout the year (Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. 1). All research protocols were performed in a humane manner (Animal Care and Use Committee 1998) and approved by the Saint Louis Zoo Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animal waste should be removed at least once daily, via collection, hosing, or flushing. The mature bush dog also has been reported to have the ability to reproduce a 2nd time within a year if a litter is lost or removed from the mother (Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. Biological wastes must be stored appropriately prior to disposal. We thank the Saint Louis Zoo staff, including the primate keepers, research intems, veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and A. Musson, K. Niebmegge, C. Dawson, J. Bauman, and K. Bauman for their time, effort, and interest in the project. Rough surfaces or uncoated wire flooring in primary enclosures should be avoided because they can lead to foot and skin trauma. They have large, orange, fixed eyes and posses the largest ears, proportionally to body size, of all primates. Animal Welfare Act, as amended, including the accompanying regulations. When possible, relatively nontoxic compounds (e.g., boric acid) or drying substances (e.g., amorphous silica gel) should be used to control insects. At the DLC we utilize a rolling cage for her birth inside the room. = 15, P < 0.05) depending on whether the male was present (X = 74 days, SD = 7.9, n = 9) or absent (X = 65 days, SD = 8, n = 8). Sustained elevations in fecal progestins were considered to indicate ovulation. Room air should not be recirculated unless it has been properly treated. Bush dogs may also be housed in familygroups; in the wild , they are thought to live in groups in the wild.Although in the wild juveniles may remain with the family The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 4.7%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 4.6%, 4.3%, and 5.5%. Although it cannot be determined conclusively whether either of these medical conditions affected reproduction, the fact that both of these cycles had fecal progestin levels indicative of ovulation suggest that the females were not affected until their conditions were well advanced. Mothers will park their infants in tree forks or tangles of vegetation while they forage. To pick-up a dog place arms around legs and stand up remembering to lift with your legs and not your back. Low scores (unformed, loose, diarrhea, etc) may indicate digestive upset, malabsorption, and/or possible hydration issues. 0 Although these cycles were considered physiologically relevant, they were eliminated from statistical analyses because of the lack of an end date. Standardized practices allow easier detection of potential health and husbandry problems. A summary of reproductive data from the International Studbook for the Bush Dog (Dmoch 1995) by latitudinal location of zoo in which they were housed (n = 48). Darwin cage cards 3.2. 1987; Rosenberg 1971; Valdespino et al. 2004). A disaster plan should be prepared and rehearsed. With the exception of male (M) 2, none of the animals had been housed with an unrelated individual or had reproduced before the start of the study. Open-ended vasectomy.Between late December 2001 and mid-January 2002, open-ended vasectomies were performed on the 4 males (see DeMatteo et al., in press). Videotapes were reviewed for the occurrence and duration of 2 defined behaviors. NEZS Chester Zoo, Kate Edge and Francesca Ankers.Published 2018, AZA Tapir Taxon Advisory GroupPublished 2013, Manual Para Cuidado De Tapires(Spanish language version of ACM), EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Pygmy Hippopotamus, F. von Houwald, C. Wenker, G. Flacke, B. Steck, R. Osterballe, R. Viduna, and A. Matthews.Published 2020, Compiled by Paul Vercammen & Kim HabetsBreeding Centre for Endangered Arabian Wildlife Sharjah, UAE Published 2006, Lara Metrione and Adam EyresPublished 2014, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Greater One-horned Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the White Rhinoceros, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Black Rhinoceros, Dr. Mark Pilgrim and Rebecca BiddlePublished 2020, Antelope, Cattle, Giraffid, and Camelid TAG, Giraffe Training Workshop - June 4-7, 2023, Giraffe Private Owner Workshop - Oct 1-4, 2023. Because of variability within the data, a progressive Bonferroni correction was applied to the P-value for Moran's I for a conservative interpretation of significance. 2003]; Table 1), it has not been confirmed to date. Animal Husbandry Manuals, Pet Industry Joint Advisory Council, Suite 400, 1220 19th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036. F2 developed pyometra and required an ovariohysterectomy on 15 Febmary 2003. Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Government Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA (KED, UP, CSA), Saint Louis University, Department of Biology, 3507 Laclede Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA (KED). Fecal estrogens were measured using the Estradiol Active DSL-4300 kit (Diagnostic System Laboratories, Webster, Texas; Lukas et al. Asa and Valdespino 1998; Brady 1978; Kleiman 1968; Porton et al. 15.22), the dhole (Cuon alpinus) (Fig. WebThere are a number of pieces of legislationand codes of practice which deal with thehusbandry and care of dogs (see Appendix 1).Although the various guidelines all With the exception of female (F) 1, the animals were fed a meat-based diet (Zoo Camivore Diet, Dallas Crown, Kaufman, Texas) daily. A possible Copulatory Lock was scored when it appeared that the pair was in a Copulatory Lock but the camera view was unclear or the pair did not visibly attempt to separate. Vulvar measurements.A significant increase was found in baseline vulva index (P < 0.001) in 3 of the 4 females (F2, F3, and F4) when the male was present. Watering devices such as drinking tubes and automatic waterers should be examined routinely to ensure their proper operation. The following taxon-specific documents are a valuable resource in the husbandry and care of ungulates. A time-distance matrix also was generated for each female with the time-class interval set equal to 1 month. The Veterinary Leadership Conference draws veterinarians from across the U.S. for education sessions that help develop leaders for the veterinary profession. Do not touch the nest box or disturb the dam. Rooms should be washed the approximately 2 weeks before baby watch starts and then remain undisturbed for two weeks. 1987). Split the diet in 2 portions with the first portion fed at 12 PM just before lights out and the second fed as late in the day as possible. We do not allow fruit, sugar or high glycemic foods to be given to the bushbabies. They drive off hyenas, sometimes injuring or killing them. FemaleG. moholiexhibit estrus swellings and do not have synchronized fertility. Mixed species have been successful when a compatible individual of the same species isn't available. 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Preventing entry is the most effective method, and may be accomplished by screening openings, sealing cracks, and eliminating breeding and refuge sites. on June 1, 2022. gladius profiles shadowlands; camra decathlon chasse; As above, Fl was excluded from the analysis because of insufficient data. They are one of the smallest primates and have a soft, yet thick, coat of greyish brown fur. Although no significant change was found for Fl (P = 0.2), this is believed to be a result of insufficient data, that is, a single, incomplete estrous cycle in the 2nd phase of the study, and not a result of her medical condition. Some prefer to sleep in tree hollows whileothers may use old bird's nests, unoccupied beehives, and can use more than a dozen different sleeping sites within its home range during a year (Bearder & Doyle 1974a). Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching, 3rd edition, 2010. The southem cone: Chile, Argentina, Umguay, Paraguay, Statistical tool for soil biology. The following are general guidelines for the proper care and humane treatment of animals in nonagricultural facilities, such as humane societies, municipal animal control agencies, pet stores, boarding kennels, dog training establishments, grooming facilities, dealers, and veterinary hospitals and clinics. Get best-in-class CE in some of your favorite cities. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was 7.8%, and the interassay coefficients of variation for 3 separate internal controls were 7.6%, 6.1%, and 7.4%. Do not enter the room multiple times or more than is absolutely necessary. Remove or separate the sire (this may mean shifting the sire to an adjacent cage or moving him out to a different area entirely). Examination of preliminary testosterone data from males showed a nonseasonal pattern suggesting that males have year-round, not seasonal, sperm production. However, the female cycle is not fixed to a single rigid breeding season each year, as in most canids. WebHusbandry Guidelines for The Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus Mammalia: Vombatidae Compiled by Kylie Elliott 2008 Western Sydney Tasmanian devils and wild During the 2nd phase of the study, 27 March 2002 to the respective end dates, males and females were housed in pairs (Table 2). Generally, for dogs and cats, the ambient temperature should be kept above 50 degrees Fahrenheit ( 10 degrees Celsius), and below 80 degrees Fahrenheit (26.6 degrees Celsius), and the relative humidity should range from 30 to 70%. WebThe gray wolf (Canis lupus) (Fig. The most common housing arrangement at the DLC has been related female groups. Latitudes ranged from 7N59.5N (n = 42 zoos) to 20S29S (n = 6 zoos); they were summarized in 10 increments (e.g., 11N20N, 21N30N) for ease of viewing. These findings support the contention that the female bush dog's reproductive cycle can at least to some extent adapt to circumstances, unlike those species that are constrained to a strictly seasonal breeding pattern. 2). WebEAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines Contents Foreword 1) Natural history 2) Captive population management 2.1 Identification 2.2 Morphology and sex determination 2.3 Maturation and longevity 2.4 European hornbill collection plan taxa 3) Veterinary care, handling and transport Although a possible effect of male stimulation has been suspected in 2 other nondomestic canids (maned wolf [Chrysocyon brachyurusVelloso et al. First, we hypothesized that mature female bush dogs have aseasonal reproductive cycles separated by periods of anestms and that the occurrence of cycles requires the physical presence of a male, defined as direct, un-obstructed physical access (i.e., direct tactile, olfactory, visual. 1992; Tate 1931; Wallace et al. The reproduction of mature females is not fixed to a single rigid breeding season and births occur throughout the year. Bushbabies are nocturnal and spend their nights resting (4.5%), traveling (25%), foraging (63.9%), engaged in social activities (5.9-18%) and in other activities (0.6%) (G. moholi) (Doyle & Bearder 1977; Nekaris & Bearder 2007). 2002). 1992; Taha et al. Two nest boxes are provided, including nest material (paper towel strips, paper strips, fleece squares, bamboo, mimosa or pine boughs). 150-250 grams with males being the heaviest. Bode, Z. Tang-Martinez, and T. Valone. 2004), artificial lighting was not needed to extend the natural day length at any time during the study. %PDF-1.5 % 1997; Valdespino et al. Twice-weekly sampling (Tuesdays and Saturdays) of feces was used to monitor fecal androgen levels in the males. 1987), comparable to this study. After a 121-to-124 day gestation period, females give birth to offspring weighing approximately 10 grams that have their eyes open and are furred. Males appear to fall into two distinct mating strategy groups, larger and more dominant males who monopolize females with repeated matings and smaller males who are more opportunistic. Brand and Cullen 1976; Frame et al. Finally, Porton et al. In addition, the 2-year study design allowed the effect of female presence on male fecal testosterone levels to be examined. Birth cages should be made of the small x inch vinyl coated wire. (see section on enrichment). Antelope Husbandry Manual: Alcelaphinae [Hartebeests and wildebeests], Lance Aubery, Randy RiechesPublished August 2001, Antelope Husbandry Manual: Reduncinae [Waterbucks and reedbucks], Gloria Kendall, Randy RiechesPublished May 1999, Antelope Husbandry Manual: Cephalophinae [Duikers], Gloria Kendall, Randy RiechesPublished January 2000, Duiker Husbandry GuidelinesFrom 2002 Bay, Black, and Red-flanked Duiker Studbook, Red-flanked duiker Husbandry Best Practices, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Lesser Kudu, Ian Goodwin, Jiri Hruby, Friederike von Houwald, Ulrike Rademacher, Beatrice Steck, Fabia WyssPublished 2018, Terry DeRosa, Fran Lyon, and Ann PetricPublished September 2004, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Burmese Brow-Antlered Deer, Dr. Matt Hartley and Ellis WallPublished 2018, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Tufted Deer, Janno Weerman & Wiene van de BuntePublished 2020, Martha Fischer and Steve ShurterPublished 2001, EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for Babirusa, Tim Rowlands, Amy Treanor. (Gron, 2008). When she does, quietly peek into the box to confirm if infants are present. Branch the cage simply and include two nest sites, both at eye level height. The DLC has had success housing the G.Moholi in a mixed species setting with Aye Aye, Slow Loris, Pygmy Slow Loris, Slender Loris, Pottos, Fat-Tailed Dwarf Lemurs and Mirza. and auditory stimulation from the male) to induce estms. LightingLighting may be both natural and/or artificial, and should be uniformly distributed throughout animal facilities, of sufficient intensity to permit good observation of animals, provide a photoperiod control appropriate to the species, and contribute to a safe working environment for personnel. Mating behavior.During the 2nd phase of the study, mating behavior of each male-female pair was recorded with continuous time-lapse videotaping using infrared lighting at night (Legendre et al. First, we hypothesized that mature female bush dogs have aseasonal reproductive cycles separated by periods of anestms and that the occurrence of cycles Males do not directly participate in caring for the offspring. Total population:Unknown Catling P. C Corbett L. K. Newsome A. E.. DeMatteo K. E. Silber S. Porton I. J. Lenahan K. Junge R. Asa C. S.. Frame L. H. Malcolm J. R. Frame G. W. Van Lawick H.. Hayssen V. Van Tienhoven A. The aim was to determine whether differences within each of the measured variables were dependent on male or female presence. Extra food enrichment is not used with this species; however, we often use their diets in different ways as enrichment. Waste disposalWaste must be removed regularly and frequently, and in compliance with all federal, state, and local laws and regulations. The dam should be weighed prior to the start of baby watch. They are gray, brown, or reddish to yellowish brown, with large eyes and ears, long hind legs, soft, woolly fur, and long tails. 1987. We used nonparametric Mantel univariate correlations (R-Package [v 4.0.6] Legendre et al. Scale 3.3. This is in contrast to males of species in which females have restricted breeding seasons and male reproductive parameters vary seasonally, with testosterone and sperm production declining or ceasing outside of the reproductive season (Asa and Valdespino 1998). Animals should be protected from extreme temperatures so as to maintain their health and render their environment comfortable. Housing and husbandry.Animals were housed indoors, with temperatures maintained between 15.6C and 29.4C (X = 25.4C, n = 135,541 total measurements with temperature recorded every 10 min for the 27 study months) and exposed to natural light from skylights and windows.