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Gallo, A., 2016: Which Baton Rouge ZIP codes were hit hardest? Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain aquifer system Piedmont Geographic Region Plants collected from the wild may become less available as the ideal conditions for their growth shift to other areas (see Case Study Mountain Ramps). At the coast, a combination of high tide and heavy rain caused significant flooding in downtown Charleston. In pursuing economic development, some communities have a local focus. McNeill, R., D. J. Nelson, and D. Wilson, 2014: Water's edge: The crisis of rising sea levels. Duehl, A. J., F. H. Koch, and F. P. Hain, 2011: Southern pine beetle regional outbreaks modeled on landscape, climate and infestation history. 6: Forests, KM 1 and KM 3).274, Wildfire is a well-known risk in the Southeast region, where it occurs with greater frequency than any other U.S. region.275 However, mitigation strategies, particularly the use of prescribed fire, can significantly reduce wildfire risk and have been widely adopted across rural communities in the Southeast.190 A doubling of prescribed fire at the landscape scale has been found to reduce wildfire ignitions by a factor of four,4 while it is well documented that prescribed fire reduces the potential for crown fire in treated forest stands.276With greater projected fire risks,191,277 more attention on how to foster fire-adapted communities offers opportunities for risk reduction (see Case Study Prescribed Fire and Key Message 3).278,279, Heat-related health threats are already a risk in outdoor jobs and activities. Climate change tends to compound existing vulnerabilities and exacerbate existing inequities. The family-bound harvesting techniques are equally as important and make up part of the deeply held tribal lifeways >(Ch. Tampa Bay Water, the largest wholesale water utility in the Southeast, is coordinating with groups including the Florida Water and Climate Alliance to study the impact of climate change on its ability to provide clean water in the future.46,47 Spartanburg Water, in South Carolina, is reinforcing the ability of the utility to cope with, and recover from disruption, trends and variability in order to maintain services.48 Similarly, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, which provides drinking and wastewater services, assessed flooding and sea level rise threats to their water infrastructure and developed potential adaptation measures.49 The development of green water infrastructure (using natural hydrologic features to manage water and provide environmental and community benefits), such as the strategies promoted in the City of Atlanta Climate Action Plan, is one way to adapt to future water management needs. C3P, 2017: Carolinas Precipitation Patterns & Probabilities (C3P): An Atlas of Hydroclimate Extremes [web page]. These plants grow in moist forest understory areas that are sensitive to temperature and soil moisture.266. Tampa Bay Water, 2014: Tampa Bay Water Hosts Florida Water and Climate Alliance Workshop. When this happens, corals lose their color and die in a process known as coral bleaching (Ch. These days can be added up over timea month or a yearto give a combined estimate of energy needed for heating or cooling. Spanger-Siegfried, E., M. Fitzpatrick, and K. Dahl, 2014: Encroaching Tides: How Sea Level Rise and Tidal Flooding Threaten U.S. East and Gulf Coast Communities over the Next 30 Years. The number of extreme rainfall events is increasing. A. Kleypas, 2009: Ocean acidification: The other CO2 problem. The U.S. Generally, more remote places have the lowest median household incomes. While all regional residents and communities are potentially at risk for some impacts, some communities or populations are at greater risk due to their locations, services available, and economic situations. Drummond, M. A., and T. R. Loveland, 2010: Land-use pressure and a transition to forest-cover loss in the eastern United States. There are limited studies documenting direct connections between climate changes and economic impacts. Since then, annual average temperatures have warmed to levels above the 1930s; the decade of the 2010s through 2017 has been warmer than any previous decade (App. For example, higher rates of heat-related illness have been reported in rural North Carolina compared to urban locations.280 However, strategies to reduce health impacts on hot days, such as staying indoors or altering times outdoors, are already contributing to reducing heat-related illness in the Southeast.281, Workers in the agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing sectors together with construction and support, waste, and remediation services work are the most highly vulnerable to heat-related deaths in the United States, representing almost 68% of heat-related deaths nationally.282 Six of the ten states with the highest occupational heat-related deaths in these sectors are in the Southeast region, accounting for 28.6% of occupational heat-related deaths between 2000 and 2010.282 By 2090, under a higher scenario (RCP8.5), the Southeast is projected to have the largest heat-related impacts on labor productivity in the country, resulting in average annual losses of 570 million labor hours, or $47 billion (in 2015 dollars, undiscounted), a cost representing a third of total national projected losses, although these figures do not include adaptations by workers or industries (Figure 19.21).35, Investing in increased cooling is one likely form of adaptation. 3: Water, KM 2).. Water utilities across the Southeast are preparing for these impacts. 2018. Guyana Industries | Friends & RPCVs of Guyana For example, broadband access is still limited in some rural areas, curtailing the types of businesses that can locate there. EPA, 2015: Case Study: Water and Wastewater Utilities Planning for Climate Change. FHWA, 2017: FHWA Climate Resilience Pilot Program: Tennessee Department of Transportation. Houghton, A., J. Austin, A. Beerman, and C. Horton, 2017: An approach to developing local climate change environmental public health indicators in a rural district. The assets in a community affect its development path. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink, 2007: Wetlands. Williams, A. P., C. D. Allen, A. K. Macalady, D. Griffin, C. A. Woodhouse, D. M. Meko, T. W. Swetnam, S. A. Rauscher, R. Seager, H. D. Grissino-Mayer, J. S. Dean, E. R. Cook, C. Gangodagamage, M. Cai, and N. G. McDowell, 2013: Temperature as a potent driver of regional forest drought stress and tree mortality. Lewis, C., 2012: The case of the wild onions: The impact of ramps on Cherokee rights. California Privacy Rights Quia - Regions, Products, and Industries 5: FAQs, Figure A5.14), both for average daily maximum and average daily minimum temperature. Nowacki, G. J., and M. D. Abrams, 2008: The demise of fire and mesophication of forests in the eastern United States. Drew, 2001: Productivity and species richness across an environmental gradient in a fire-dependent ecosystem. Business and Industries - Coastal Plains - Google Sites Ungerer, M. J., M. P. Ayres, and M. J. Lombardero, 1999: Climate and the northern distribution limits of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). These beaches and bayous, fields and forests, and cities and small towns are all at risk from a changing climate. Center for Progressive Reform, Washington, DC, 43 pp. Uncertainties in the range of potential future changes in multiple and concurrent facets of climate and land-use change also affect our ability to predict changes to natural systems. In addition, land and water resources in the coastal region will support further development as long as economic activity is in balance with the capacity of these natural systems. Gabler, C. A., M. J. Osland, J. Originally published May 25, 2004 Last edited Sep 1, 2020. 2015, Tzung-May Fu et al. Jane Harrison, North Carolina Sea Grants coastal economist, has published four editions online, including this issue on rural economic development. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, 271 pp. Exposure to high nighttime minimum temperatures reduces the ability of some people to recover from high daytime temperatures, resulting in heat-related illness and death.26 This effect is particularly pronounced in cities, many of which have urban heat islands that already cause elevated nighttime temperatures.27 Cities are taking steps to prevent negative health impacts from heat. ), The Cherokee have been harvesting ramps, a wild onion (Allium tricoccum), in the southern Appalachians, their ancestral homelands, for thousands of years.264,265 Collecting ramps for food sustenance is only one aspect of this cultural tradition. This is a large industry because the trees tend to grow faster in the Coastal Plains, and the wood is more textured. In the Upper Coastal Plain, which covers the central and southwestern portions of the state, agriculture is the dominant activity. Figure 2. 14: Human Health, KM 1). As a result, the ecological resources that people depend on for livelihood, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk, and future generations can expect to experience and interact with natural systems that are much different than those that we see today. Many in rural communities are maintaining connections to traditional livelihoods and relying on natural resources that are inherently vulnerable to climate changes. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 432 pp. From October 15, 2015, deep tropical moisture combined with a slow-moving (stalled) upper-level low pressure system to pump moisture into South Carolinas coastal and interior regions. FEMA, 2016: Community Rating System (CRS) Communities and Their Classes. Many indicators of vulnerability are dynamic, so that adaptation and other changes can affect the patterns of vulnerability to heat and other climate stressors over time. Simmons, K. M., J. Czajkowski, and J. For example, the Louisville, Kentucky, metro government conducted an urban heat management study and installed 145,000 square feet of cool roofs as part of their goal to lessen the risk of climate change impacts.28, The transmission of vector-borne diseases, which are spread by the bite of an animal such as a mosquito or tick, is complex and depends on a number of factors, including weather and climate, vegetation, animal host populations, and human activities (Ch. Increases in precipitation and shifts in wind trajectories may reduce future health impacts of ground level ozone in the Southeast,35 but warmer and drier autumns are expected to result in a lengthening of the period of ozone exposure.38 Warmer August temperatures in the Southeast from 1988 to 2011 were associated with increased human sensitivity to ground-level ozone.39. The amount of confidence associated with the historical rate of global sea level rise is impacted by the sparsity of tide gauge records and historical proxies as well as different statistical approaches for estimating sea level change. | City of Atlanta, 2017: Resilient Atlanta: Actions to build a more equitable future. Saha, A. K., S. Saha, J. Sadle, J. Jiang, M. S. Ross, R. M. Price, L. S. L. O. Sternberg, and K. S. Wendelberger, 2011: Sea level rise and South Florida coastal forests. Island Press, Washington, DC. Tallahassee, FL. McClenachan, L., G. O'Connor, B. P. Neal, J. M. Pandolfi, and J. 2017.; FTA 2013; City of Fayetteville 2017; City of Charleston 2015; City of New Orleans 2015; Tampa Bay Water 2014; EPA 2015; City of Atlanta 2015, 2017; Southeast Florida Regional Climate Change Compact 201744,45,46,50,91,246,297,298,299). NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Silver Spring, MD, various pp. Others are tourism & recreation, shipping, papermaking, commercial fishing and forestry. A., L. S. Kutner, and J. S. Adams, Eds., 2000: Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Flooding events are highly variable in both space and time. 20: U.S. Caribbean, KM 3). Risky Business Project, New York, 109 pp. Dorcas, M. E., J. D. Willson, R. N. Reed, R. W. Snow, M. R. Rochford, M. A. Miller, W. E. Meshaka, P. T. Andreadis, F. J. Mazzotti, C. M. Romagosa, and K. M. Hart, 2012: Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. North Carolina regions by county. WUCA Strategic Planning Committee, 2016: Water Utility Climate Alliance 20172021 Strategic Plan. Guo, H., C. Weaver, S. P. Charles, A. Whitt, S. Dastidar, P. D'Odorico, J. D. Fuentes, J. S. Kominoski, A. R. Armitage, and S. C. Pennings, 2017: Coastal regime shifts: Rapid responses of coastal wetlands to changes in mangrove cover. UNC, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Chapel Hill, NC. Throughout the southeastern United States, the impacts of sea level rise, increasing temperatures, extreme heat events, heavy precipitation, and decreased water availability continue to have numerous consequences for human health, the built environment, and the natural world. By the end of the century, over one-half billion labor hours could be lost from extreme heat-related impacts. 1 U.S. Census Bureau. High tide coastal flooding has started to inundate these low-lying roads, restricting access during certain times of the day and causing public safety concerns. Stocker, T. F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex, and P. M. Midgley, Eds. Traditionally, governments and companies have taken a reactive, risk-based approach to water management, one that focuses on mitigating the economic consequences of floods and droughts but pays little consideration to environmental impacts. Amekudzi, A., M. Crane, D. Springstead, D. Rose, and T. Batac, 2013: Transit climate change adaptation assessment for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Jacobson, E. R., D. G. Barker, T. M. Barker, R. Mauldin, M. L. Avery, R. Engeman, and S. Secor, 2012: Environmental temperatures, physiology and behavior limit the range expansion of invasive Burmese pythons in southeastern USA. Robinet, C., and A. Roques, 2010: Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations. Employment in manufacturing bottomed out nationally in 2010, and recovery after the Great Recession has been slow in places that depend on either of these industries. Meehl, G. A., J. M. Arblaster, and G. Branstator, 2012: Mechanisms contributing to the warming hole and the consequent US east-west differential of heat extremes. NOAA, Georgia Sea Grant, Athens, GA, 82 pp. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Silver Spring, MD, 75 pp. Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC), Atlanta, GA. Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., P. Willems, J. Olsson, S. Beecham, A. Pathirana, I. Blow Gregersen, H. Madsen, and V.-T.-V. Nguyen, 2013: Impacts of climate change on rainfall extremes and urban drainage systems: A review. It is part of a larger area called the southern Piedmont, which is located in the southeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States and is about 870 miles long and 60 to 190 miles wide. Reduction of existing stresses can increase resilience (very likely, high confidence). NWS, What Are Heating and Cooling Degree Days [web page]. Coastal Plain's industry is mainly agriculture. Reef, R., and C. E. Lovelock, 2015: Regulation of water balance in mangroves. Justice, and J. R. G. Townshend, 2013: High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Ebi, K. L., and J. Nealon, 2016: Dengue in a changing climate. Web Design & Development by Upward Brand Interactions Rehage, J. S., J. R. Blanchard, R. E. Boucek, J. J. Lorenz, and M. Robinson, 2016: Knocking back invasions: Variable resistance and resilience to multiple cold spells in native vs. nonnative fishes. USGS Open-File Report 2016-1073. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, NC. Drought has been a recurrent issue in the Southeast affecting agriculture, forestry, and water resources.253 With rapid growth in population and overall demand, drought is increasingly a concern for water resource management sectors such as cities, ecosystems, and energy production. Flordia Science Source, Ocala, FL,. For rural areas located near metropolitan areas, access to urban employment is an important cause of population retention and growth. High rainfall totals were experienced in many impacted areas, with Fort Pierce, Florida, receiving the highest rainfall of more than 21.5 inches100 and the Florida Keys receiving 12 inches of rain.84,102 Flooding occurred on most rivers in northern Florida and in many rivers in both Georgia and South Carolina to the point that rescues were required. Water Utility Climate Alliance (WUCA), Las Vegas, NV, 6 pp. Abkowitz, M., J. To sustain economic well-being, rural communities must continue to invest in the productivity of unique assets that support economic development. State of Louisiana, . EPA 800-Q-15-004. The award provides the Tribe with a historic opportunity to reunite a community.79 While the application to relocate was initiated by the Tribe, the relocation funds now are for all residents of Isle de Jean Charles, according to the Louisiana State Office of Community Development.75. Broadband adoption recommendations. For example, oyster farmers must locate their operations in waters with appropriate salinity levels, but this coastal environment cannot easily be replicated artificially. Habeeb, D., J. Vargo, and B. Like urban centers, rural areas with significant manufacturing bases develop commerce hubs and advanced supply chains in specific industries to compete with producers globally. Winter temperature extremes, fire regimes, sea levels, hurricanes, rainfall extremes, drought extremes, and warming ocean temperatures greatly influence the distribution, abundance, and performance of species and ecosystems. Wells typically yield 5-35 gallons per minute. U.S. Census Bureau, . FTA Report No. An analysis of ecological changes that have occurred in the past can help provide some context for anticipating and preparing for future ecological changes. These factors restrict the potential to strongly associate declines in agricultural and forest productivity with the level of potential economic impact. The Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia is bounded on the north by the fall line and extends south to Florida and east to the upper terraces of the Lower Coastal Plain. The Coastal Plains have a varied economy. The region is slightly rolling near the midlands and flat toward the coast. For example, as of 2010, Latinos made up 20.6% of the population in Duplin County, 16.5% in Sampson, and 14.3% in Greene, whereas they made up 10.2% of the population in metropolitan Wake County. Jackson, S. T., R. S. Webb, K. H. Anderson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb III, J. W. Williams, and B. C. S. Hansen, 2000: Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Remote rural communities in the coastal area face fewer employment opportunities and longer distances to urban areas. Center for Progressive Reform White Paper. The Coastal Plains - The Regions of Texas van der Wiel, K., S. B. Kapnick, G. J. van Oldenborgh, K. Whan, S. Philip, G. A. Vecchi, R. K. Singh, J. Arrighi, and H. Cullen, 2017: Rapid attribution of theAugust 2016 flood-inducing extreme precipitation in south Louisiana to climate change. Swanteson-Franz, R. J., D. J. Krofcheck, and M. D. Hurteau, 2018: Quantifying forest carbon dynamics as a function of tree species composition and management under projected climate. (See the counties shaded in lightest teal in Figure 3.). The plant hardiness zones are reflective of the frequency and intensity of winter air temperature extremes in a specific region. 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Gill, S. E., J. F. Handley, A. R. Ennos, and S. Pauleit, 2007: Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. 8: Coastal, KM 2; Ch. There are many possible future wind and cloud cover conditions for the Southeast as well as the potential for continued shifts in land-use patterns, demographics and population geography, and vehicle and power plant emissions standards. Census Bureau, 2015: Press release: New Census Bureau Population Estimates Reveal Metro Areas and Counties That Propelled Growth in Florida and the Nation. Kovach, M. M., C. E. Konrad, and C. M. Fuhrmann, 2015: Area-level risk factors for heat-related illness in rural and urban locations across North Carolina, USA. This is a large industry because the trees tend to grow faster in the Coastal Plains, and the wood is more textured. The ecological transformations induced by these extreme events will affect many of the benefits that natural systems provide to society. In the 1990s, in-migration began to outpace natural population growth the number of births minus the number of deaths.3 In addition to wealth transfer, which can serve as financial capital to invest in new and existing businesses, population growth in these communities is generally associated with new jobs in construction and higher demand for employees in retail and commercial services. For example, by the end of the century, annual oyster harvests in the Southeast are projected to decline between 20% (19%22%) under a lower scenario (RCP4.5) and 46% (44%48%) under a higher scenario (RCP8.5), leading to projected price increases of 48% (RCP4.5) to 140% (RCP8.5).35 Projected warming ocean temperatures, sea level rise, and ocean and coastal acidification are raising concern over future harvests (Ch. Much of the affected region received between 10 and 26 inches of rain over the 4-day event, breaking many all-time precipitation records (Figure 19.12). Projected labor hours lost vary by global climate model, time frame, and scenario, with a mean of 0.57 and a model range of 0.340.82 billion labor hours lost each year for RCP8.5 by 2090. (See the dark brown counties in Figure 1.). Neumann, J. E., J.