illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if: which problem provides example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of problem? a.demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. PFC activation was. How will Janet retrieve the book? /Pages 2 0 R /ExtGState << /GS1 17 0 R >> 7 0 obj In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. b. situationally-produced mental set, c. environmental functional fixedness. /F7 9 0 R d. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems. Please select the correct language below. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. analogical transfer.c. intermediate states. /Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps, Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 25 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving. Developing schemas for each individual problem, c. Connecting the fortress with the tumor, d. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to aliens arriving to help fight. /BaseFont /Times-Italic Add to folder gradually rise; gradually riseb. blankb. representation and restructuring.b. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." b. which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. The radiation problem can be solved usinga. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. << c. surfacing, structuring, and generalizing. 5 0 obj Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. See Page 1. /Encoding 16 0 R warmth Insight- remain low until just before the problem is solved, Successful problem-solving is a result of, restructuring the representation of the problem, focus on specific characteristics of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions, functional fixedness hinders problem solving. /Type /Catalog << /onesuperior/grave/acute/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve/dotaccent Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? b. In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. restructuring goal states.c. /Type /Font subgoals. source; targetb. operators.c. /Encoding 16 0 R operators.c. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a free-way. The population of the town of Plymouth was 7,9507,9507,950 and decreasing by 505050 residents per year. as a matter of cognition). Goal is to tie two strings together which are too far apart to be reached. the elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: The typical purpose of subgoals is to ___, bring the problem solver closer to the goal state, The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine, what information a person is attending to while solving a problem, using the solution of one problem in order to solve another problem is called, The solution to the Russian Marriage problem can be applied to solving the _____ problem, Dunker's radiation problem involved the destruction of a, The restructured radiation problem is solved by dividing the _____ into many, When solving analogous source problems, most people don't make the connection between the _______ story and the target problem, Analogical problem solving requires people to __________ a relationship between a source story and a target story, Correspondence between a source sorry and a target story is called, The underlying principle that governs the solution process of analogical transfer is called, People can discover the similar structural features between two problems using a learned technique called. Novel objects before a function was described. a problem space to nd a solution (Ericsson & Simon, 1993 . c. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. /F3 5 0 R has no correct answer.d. Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is . a person is attending to while solving a problem. b. performance is better for the abstract task. c. It is the cornerstone of creativity. In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientist who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. 1 0 obj Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _______prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. /egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis Classify the triangle as acute, right, or obtuse. 6 0 obj 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. 3 0 obj radiationd. They are unable to. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal, c. Has one and only correct or possible answer. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as. /cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine/guillemotright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" c. low capacity for divergent thinking, Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they. /Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis b. being able to solve other problems at all. 10 0 obj think-aloud p, The text's discussion of the research on in-vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.a. This particular discussion suggests that _______ may be more important than ______ in creative thinking. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? She decided to wait until her mother-in- law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. /Subtype /Type1 stationaryb. /Subtype /Type1 Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? You have created 2 folders. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. The title for chapter eight was Analogizing which is commonly misinterpreted as similarities between objects or concepts. Give Me Liberty! Metcalfe and Wiebe (1987)gave participants problems that required insightful solutions and problems that could be answered using incremental problem-solving techniques.While attempting to solve problems,they asked the participants to report if they felt they were getting closer to the answer,using a hot-cold scale.Reports that they were getting "warm" predicted the ability to solve: When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. . She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. /Encoding 16 0 R ill-definedb. In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? intermediated. a. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor, b. calfe & Wiebe, 1987). /F8 10 0 R Gestalt psychologist consider problem solving as a process involving, a sudden realization of a problems solution. Bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. The purpose of this experiment was to. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. surface; enhancec. Continuing to take the street to the north represents, Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem the. Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. Cecile's emotions are influenced by. The best description of the purpose of thing-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine What information a person is attending to while solving a problem. This is an example of. /Subtype /Type1 A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department. b. are influenced by the atmosphere effect. b. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field, Take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem. using a juice glass as a container for OJ. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. asked us to determine the length of the segment marked x if the radius of the circle has a length r once we realize that the diagonal i the radius of the circle we can conclude that the length of x equals the length of radius r =, what is important about kohler circle problem, doesn't require mathematical equations the solution is obtained by first receiving the object and then representing it in a different way, process of changing the problems representation, sudden realization of a problems solution aha experience, did an experiment to distinguish between insight and non insight problems =, particiapnts working on an insight problem should not be very good at predicting how near they are to a solution whereas participants working on a nonishgt problem would be more likely to know when they are getting clother to the solution, gave participants insight problems and non insight problems and asked to make warmth judgments every 15 seconds as they were working on the problems hot is 7 indicating they believes they were getting close to the solution =, insight or nonishgt problem and time before solution, for isngith problems warmth reaimned low at or 3 just before the problem is solved and for algebra problems ratings gradually increased until problem was solved - insight occurs suddenly, illustrates how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving =, solution to dunkers 1945 candle problem =, when person realizes the matchbox can be used as a support rather than a container, group presented with boxes full frounf task more difficult than group with empty boxes, restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions =, participants given 3 jugs to measure out specify quantity of water =. a. demonstrate a difference between how people experience solving insight and non-insight problems. /F2 4 0 R This experiment studies____ reasoning. knottedd. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments ever 15 seconds to indicate how close the felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to : . b. how useful a reasoning process is. Demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. search. In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ______ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ______ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. In analogical problem solving, the_____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? By using a(n)_________ , a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. means-end analysis.c. The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the. Curious is studying the effect of ________ on problem solving. c. confuse the ideas of validity and truth. endobj When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers). Metcalfe and Wiebe /Type /Font how will she retrieve it? /Differences [ 128/.notdef/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/emdash/bullet/.notdef object with a specific function. Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the________ decision of, a. irrational; accepting any offer, b. irrational; accepting only higher offers, c. rational; accepting any offer, d. rational; accepting only high offers, In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). -Without lifting your pencil from the paper, draw exactly four straight, connected lines that will go through all nine dots, but through each dot only once, Problem - insight problem solvers are not aware of how close they. Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as -intermediate states -subgoals -operators -mental sets. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. One stop for all your course learning material, explainations, examples and practice questions. The purpose of this experiment was to ( Multiple Choice) Question 19 Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. low-pressureb. endobj The application of a(n)______ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. means-end analysisb. /Type /Font Dual systems theory suggests that we have two systems that operate in cognition: one involving a fast, intuitive, non-conscious process, and the other, a slower, reflective, conscious processing system. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles? targetc. << (This is called a Subduction Zone). their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves: the Tower or Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach. The purpose of the experiment was to; a. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. b. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. Cassandra has five chapters to red for her upcoming midterm, and she finds the thought of sitting down and reading hundreds of pages at once overwhelming. Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the ________ approach developed by Ronald Finke. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. goal state.d. Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.v. mental sets. 1. b. ability to work well with a group of others. >> As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. means-end analysis.c. The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determinea. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustratea. The purpose of this experiment was to a) Show that some problems are easier to solve than others. Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n) _______ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. %PDF-1.4 >> All cats are birds. goal state.c. Greg was recounting a fishing tale of the one that got away: "I had a huge ahi tuna on my line. Seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because: a.the solution is immediately obvious.b.there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state.c.the goal state is not clearly defined.d.the initial state is not clearly defined. /Name /F8 She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. /Type /Font When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? ill-defined; Gestaltb. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_____ reasoning. /Type /Font The students were very creative. a. how similar the objects in the problem are. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problemsd. being able to solve other proble. The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside acircle, was proposed to illustrate: a. Howanalogies can be used to solve problems. d. how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner. My brain is best Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted junk mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as, The radiation problem can be solved using. 19 - Foner, Eric. Metcalfe & Wiebe gave participants problems to solve & asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. 30. /Type /Font The Tower of Hanoi problem is an example of a(n) ____ problem that has been analyzed using the ____ approach.a. Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? experts and novices.b. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving reorganization or restructuring. Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involvinga. /.notdef/.notdef/quotesinglbase/quotedblbase/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef The purpose of this experiment was to demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. /Name /F1 The purpose of this experiment was to: demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems Participants in the ______ group had the fastest response time. /BaseFont /Times-Bold 26. c. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree.